Snake Island, a small Ukrainian island in the Black Sea, became a focal point of military conflict during the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on 24 February 2022. The island, strategically located 45 kilometers from Romania and crucial for controlling maritime access to Odesa, was attacked by the Russian Navy on the first day of the invasion. The Russian cruiser Moskva and the patrol ship Vasily Bykov initiated the assault, demanding the surrender of the 13 Ukrainian border guards stationed there. In a widely publicized exchange, a border guard named Roman Hrybov famously replied, 'Russian warship, go fuck yourself.' Following a naval and aerial bombardment that destroyed the island's infrastructure, Russian forces captured Snake Island by 22:00 local time on the same day, marking the start of a 126-day occupation.

In response to the occupation, Ukraine launched a series of counterattacks aimed at Russian positions on the island. On 14 April 2022, Ukrainian forces claimed to have sunk the Moskva, which significantly weakened Russian naval capabilities in the region. From late April to June, Ukraine conducted multiple strikes using anti-ship missiles and drones, targeting Russian supply vessels and military assets on the island. Notable operations included the destruction of Russian landing crafts and missile systems, with Ukrainian officials reporting the deaths of dozens of Russian soldiers. On 30 June 2022, after sustained Ukrainian assaults and increasing isolation, Russian forces withdrew from Snake Island, claiming they had completed their assigned tasks. This withdrawal was characterized by heavy artillery and missile fire from Ukrainian forces, which enveloped the island in smoke as Russian troops retreated.

Following the withdrawal, Russian forces continued to bombard Snake Island, reportedly causing casualties among Ukrainian troops. On 1 July 2022, Russian aircraft conducted airstrikes on the island, which Ukrainian officials interpreted as an attempt to destroy remaining military equipment. Despite these attacks, Ukraine maintained control over the island, raising its flag on 4 July 2022. The campaign for Snake Island highlighted the strategic importance of the location, as control over it allowed for significant military and economic advantages in the Black Sea region.

Antonov Airport, located in Hostomel, Kyiv Oblast, served as a critical strategic point during the early stages of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. The airport, less than 10 kilometers from Kyiv, was targeted by Russian forces to facilitate an airbridge for rapid troop deployment into the capital. On 24 February 2022, shortly after President Vladimir Putin announced a 'special military operation,' Russian Airborne Forces (VDV) launched an air assault on the airport. The operation involved 20 to 34 helicopters carrying approximately 200–300 paratroopers from the 31st Guards Air Assault Brigade and other units, supported by attack helicopters. Despite initial bombardments, the Ukrainian garrison, consisting of 200–300 National Guard troops, managed to mount a defense, with some success in repelling the initial landings. However, the Russian forces eventually captured the airport after fierce fighting, with Ukrainian defenders suffering limited casualties and some units forced to retreat due to ammunition shortages.

On 25 February 2022, Russian mechanized ground forces advanced from Belarus, combining their efforts with another air assault to secure Antonov Airport. The Russian Ministry of Defence claimed that around 200 helicopters were involved in the operation, and they reported approximately 200 Ukrainian casualties, a figure met with skepticism by independent observers. Ukrainian forces initially denied the complete capture of the airport, asserting that the battle was ongoing. However, by the end of the day, it was confirmed that Russian forces had established control over the airport, despite significant damage to its infrastructure. The Antonov An-225 Mriya, the world's largest airplane, was reported to have been destroyed during the conflict, further underscoring the battle's impact on Ukrainian aviation capabilities.

Throughout the battle, Ukrainian forces, including the 72nd Mechanized Brigade and the Georgian Legion, attempted to counterattack and reclaim the airport. By the evening of 25 February, Ukrainian troops had managed to push back Russian forces, forcing them to retreat to nearby forests. The fighting continued with heavy artillery exchanges, and Ukrainian military units surrounded the airport, complicating Russian resupply efforts. Despite the initial Russian success, the battle for Antonov Airport highlighted the challenges faced by the Russian military, including logistical failures and underestimating Ukrainian defenses. The airport's capture, while a tactical victory for Russia, did not lead to the swift advance into Kyiv that was initially anticipated.

The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, established after the 1986 nuclear disaster, became a focal point during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began on 24 February 2022. The area, located approximately 130 kilometers north of Kyiv and bordering Belarus, was strategically significant for Russian forces aiming to capture the Ukrainian capital. On the morning of the invasion, around 300 individuals, including nuclear staff, medical personnel, firefighters, and soldiers from the 1st Nuclear Power Plant Protection Battalion, were present at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.

At 7 a.m. on 24 February, a scheduled shift change was canceled as workers were informed of the invasion. By mid-morning, Russian troops, having crossed into Ukraine from Belarus, advanced through the village of Vilcha and reached the power plant's administration office by 2 p.m. The Ukrainian garrison, lacking heavy weaponry, was unable to mount a defense against the encroaching Russian armored vehicles. Negotiations for surrender ensued, and by the end of the day, the Ukrainian government confirmed that Russian forces had taken control of Chernobyl and the nearby town of Pripyat. Reports indicated that the staff at the plant were effectively held hostage, although the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) noted no immediate casualties or destruction at the site.

On 7 March, it was reported that approximately 300 individuals remained trapped within the exclusion zone, unable to leave due to the occupation. The situation escalated when the power supply to the plant was damaged, raising concerns about potential radiation leaks. By 31 March, Russian forces began withdrawing from the area as they shifted focus to operations in Eastern Ukraine. The Ukrainian government announced the complete withdrawal of Russian troops from Chernobyl on 1 April, allowing staff to raise the Ukrainian flag once more over the power plant.

In early 2022, the city of Kharkiv, Ukraine's second-largest city and located just 30 kilometers from the Russian border, became a primary target during the Russian invasion. Anticipating a full-scale assault, Ukrainian forces had begun preparations for defense in July 2021, but were caught off guard by the rapid advance of Russian troops from multiple directions, including Lyptsi, Zolochiv, and Bohodukhiv. The battle commenced on 24 February 2022, when approximately 20,000 Russian soldiers crossed the border from Belgorod, launching an offensive aimed at capturing Kharkiv. The Ukrainian 92nd Mechanized Brigade engaged Russian forces across a 100-kilometer front, managing to halt their advance into the city on the first day despite heavy bombardment and artillery strikes that resulted in civilian casualties.

Fighting intensified in the following days, particularly in the northern suburbs, where Ukrainian forces successfully defended against Russian attempts to encircle the city. By 27 February, Russian Spetsnaz units had entered Kharkiv, but they were quickly cut off and faced fierce resistance, leading to heavy losses. Throughout early March, Russian artillery and missile strikes targeted civilian infrastructure, resulting in significant casualties, including the deaths of students and civilians. Reports indicated the use of cluster munitions by Russian forces, which are banned under international law. Despite the relentless bombardment, Ukrainian forces maintained control of the city, with significant counterattacks reported by mid-March, pushing back Russian troops and inflicting heavy losses on their ranks.

As the battle progressed into April and May, Ukrainian forces launched a counteroffensive, regaining territory and pushing Russian units back towards the border. By 12 May, Ukrainian forces had reportedly driven Russian troops away from Kharkiv, with the Institute for the Study of War suggesting that Ukraine had likely won the battle. Throughout the conflict, estimates of casualties varied widely, with Ukrainian officials claiming thousands of Russian soldiers had been killed, while civilian casualties in Kharkiv were reported to exceed 600. The battle exemplified the intense urban warfare and the significant toll on both military and civilian populations during the early stages of the invasion.

The Battle of Kherson commenced on 24 February 2022, as part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Russian forces, estimated at 35,000 troops, invaded Kherson Oblast from Crimea, quickly advancing towards the city. By 1 March 2022, Russian troops captured Kherson, marking a significant defeat for Ukraine as it was the only regional capital taken during the invasion. The initial assault involved heavy bombardment, with Ukrainian forces, including the 59th Brigade and local territorial defense units, attempting to mount a defense but ultimately being outmaneuvered and encircled.

On 24 February, fighting erupted in Chonhar, and by midday, Russian forces had reached Nova Kakhovka, effectively surrounding Ukrainian units. Dmytro Ishchenko, commander of the Kherson territorial defense brigade, organized a defense, but by 26 February, Russian forces had encircled the city. On 1 March, a renewed Russian assault began, with troops advancing from the airport and establishing checkpoints. Ukrainian defenders were deployed to key locations, including the lyceum and Lilac Park, where they engaged in fierce combat. Despite their efforts, including a counterattack at the Antonivka Road Bridge, Ukrainian forces faced overwhelming firepower and suffered significant casualties.

By the evening of 1 March, Russian forces had captured critical infrastructure, including the railway station and the Kherson River Port. As they advanced into the city center, Ukrainian Mayor Ihor Kolykhaiev reported that Russian troops had taken control of the city, leading to his eventual surrender on 2 March. The battle resulted in heavy losses, with estimates of up to 300 Ukrainian soldiers and civilians killed, and widespread destruction of the city's infrastructure.

In late February 2022, the Russian invasion of Ukraine escalated, leading to significant military engagements in various regions, including Sumy, a city near the Russia–Ukraine border. On 24 February, Russian forces began their advance into Sumy Oblast, with military vehicles spotted near the villages of Bezdryk, Holovashivka, and Postolne. By 13:40, Ukrainian officials reported that fighting had erupted in Sumy along the Bilopillia highway. The initial clashes occurred at the northern and western entrances of the city, with intense urban combat taking place on Kondratieva Street, where the Ukrainian 27th Artillery Brigade was stationed. By the evening, Ukrainian paratroopers were ordered to withdraw, leaving the defense to local volunteers armed with limited weaponry. Despite attempts to encircle the city, Russian forces faced guerrilla ambushes from the defenders.

On 26 February, fighting resumed as a Russian column advanced through Yunakivka, with Ukrainian territorial defense forces capturing one of their vehicles on the Kursk highway. That day, Mayor Oleksandr Lysenko reported three civilian deaths due to Russian shelling, which targeted residential areas and infrastructure. The following day, Russian troops advanced from the direction of Sumykhimprom, resulting in civilian casualties and ongoing skirmishes in Sumy and surrounding areas. Territorial defense forces captured several Russian soldiers, who claimed they were unaware they were entering Ukraine. On 1 March, a battle near Verkhnia Syrovatka resulted in the deaths of five Ukrainian fighters, including their commander. By 3 March, shelling continued to impact military and civilian structures, injuring multiple individuals and trapping over 500 international students in the city.

As the conflict progressed, the situation in Sumy remained dire, with reports of civilian casualties and extensive damage from bombardments. On 8 March, Governor Dmytro Zhyvytskyi reported 22 civilian deaths due to a Russian airstrike, while humanitarian corridors were established for evacuations. Throughout March, Russian forces continued to shell various locations, including residential areas and military installations. By late March, Ukrainian forces began to regain control, capturing key villages and pushing Russian troops back. On 4 April, Zhyvytskyi announced that Russian forces had largely withdrawn from Sumy Oblast, marking a significant shift in the battle for the region.

The Siege of Chernihiv was a significant military engagement that took place in the city of Chernihiv, Ukraine, beginning on 24 February 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Prior to the invasion, the Ukrainian 1st Tank Brigade, consisting of approximately 2,000 personnel, was stationed in Honcharivske. On the morning of 24 February, Russian missile strikes targeted this base, coinciding with the movement of around 30,000 Russian troops towards Chernihiv from multiple directions. The objective was to capture the city quickly to facilitate an advance on Kyiv. However, the 1st Tank Brigade managed to ambush and halt the initial Russian advance, inflicting damage on Russian armored columns near Khaliavyn and capturing a reconnaissance platoon of the Russian 74th Motorized Rifle Brigade that had surrendered.

On 25 February, the Russian Ministry of Defense announced the encirclement of Chernihiv, initiating a siege. Ukrainian forces reported repelling multiple attacks, seizing Russian equipment, and inflicting losses, including the destruction of 56 Russian fuel trucks. Throughout late February, Russian bombardments caused significant damage to the city, including the destruction of the historic Shchors cinema and the use of cluster munitions in attacks on civilian areas. By early March, urban warfare became imminent, with Russian airstrikes targeting residential buildings and infrastructure, resulting in numerous civilian casualties. On 10 March, the mayor of Chernihiv confirmed that the city was completely isolated, with critical infrastructure failing under continuous bombardment. The siege intensified, with Russian airstrikes damaging key facilities, including the Chernihiv Polytechnic National University and the Chernihiv Arena.

As the siege progressed into March, Ukrainian forces engaged in fierce defensive operations, repelling Russian assaults and maintaining control over key areas. On 16 March, a Russian attack resulted in the deaths of at least 18 civilians waiting for bread. Despite ongoing assaults, Ukrainian forces managed to hold their positions, and by the end of March, they began to recapture territory. On 31 March, Ukrainian forces regained control of a main road connecting Kyiv and Chernihiv, marking the beginning of the Russian withdrawal from the region. By 5 April, Russian forces had completely exited Chernihiv Oblast, concluding the siege. Throughout the engagement, the city suffered extensive destruction, with estimates indicating that around 70% of Chernihiv was damaged or destroyed during the conflict.

Mariupol, a strategic city in southeastern Ukraine, became a focal point of conflict during the Russian invasion that began on 24 February 2022. The city, located in Donetsk Oblast, was vital for its port on the Sea of Azov, which was crucial for Ukraine's economy and military logistics. Following the initial invasion, Russian forces, supported by the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR), aimed to capture Mariupol to secure a land corridor to Crimea. The siege lasted until 20 May 2022, culminating in a significant defeat for Ukrainian forces.

The siege commenced with heavy bombardment on 24 February, injuring 26 civilians. By 1 March, Russian forces had nearly surrounded Mariupol, leading to intensified shelling that resulted in numerous casualties. On 2 March, the city was fully encircled, and reports indicated severe shortages of water and food. The situation deteriorated further, with Ukrainian officials estimating thousands of civilian deaths due to relentless Russian artillery and airstrikes. Major combat operations escalated, with significant battles occurring at key locations such as the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works, where Ukrainian defenders made their last stand. By mid-March, Russian forces had captured parts of the city, and by late April, they had taken control of the port and most urban areas, isolating the remaining Ukrainian troops.

On 16 May, the Ukrainian military announced that the Mariupol garrison had fulfilled its combat mission, leading to the surrender of the remaining defenders at Azovstal on 20 May. Reports indicated that approximately 2,439 Ukrainian soldiers surrendered, including many wounded. The siege resulted in catastrophic humanitarian conditions, with estimates of civilian casualties ranging from 20,000 to over 25,000, alongside extensive destruction of infrastructure, with 95% of the city reported as damaged or destroyed. The siege of Mariupol marked a pivotal moment in the Russian invasion, showcasing the severe impact of urban warfare on civilian populations and military forces alike.

The Battle of Lebedyn was part of the northern Ukraine campaign during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began on 24 February 2022. This campaign aimed to capture Kyiv and surrounding regions, including Sumy Oblast, where Lebedyn is located. Russian forces launched a multi-pronged attack from Belarus and Russia, initially capturing several towns but facing significant resistance from Ukrainian forces, logistical challenges, and supply issues that ultimately stalled their advance.

On 3 March 2022, Russian artillery began shelling Lebedyn, targeting civilian infrastructure and causing significant damage. The bombardment continued throughout the day, destroying an electric substation, a bakery, and a gas station, while leaving many residents without electricity. Reports indicated that the shelling resulted in injuries among the civilian population. The following day, on 4 March, Ukrainian forces engaged in defensive operations, attempting to block Russian advances. Civilians in the area attempted to obstruct Russian military movements, leading to confrontations that resulted in casualties. By 5 March, the situation escalated as Russian forces intensified their shelling, causing further destruction and civilian injuries.

On 6 March, the bombardment persisted, with airstrikes reported to have left many inhabitants without power. The Ukrainian military reported that Russian forces were planning to capture Lebedyn, but local resistance continued to hinder their efforts. On 8 March, Russian air forces attacked the city again, resulting in additional civilian casualties. By 9 March, the situation remained dire, with ongoing shelling and airstrikes causing significant damage to residential areas. The mayor of Trostianets indicated that Russian forces aimed to capture Lebedyn by mid-March, but Ukrainian resistance played a crucial role in delaying their objectives. The battle for Lebedyn exemplified the broader struggle in the northern Ukraine campaign, characterized by fierce fighting and significant civilian impact.

In February 2022, the Russian invasion of Ukraine escalated with the Kyiv offensive, aimed at capturing the capital city of Kyiv and its surrounding areas, including Hostomel Airport. The battle commenced on 25 February 2022 and continued until 2 April 2022, involving the Russian Armed Forces and the Ukrainian Armed Forces. Initial Russian advances included the capture of Hostomel Airport on 25 February, a strategic supply point. Ukrainian forces quickly mobilized, with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy urging citizens to resist the invasion. By 26 February, heavy fighting erupted in various districts of Kyiv, including Troieshchyna and Shuliavka, as Russian artillery shelled the city. Ukrainian forces reported killing approximately 60 Russian saboteurs during the initial clashes, while civilian volunteers were armed with over 25,000 assault rifles and millions of rounds of ammunition.

On 28 February, a significant Russian convoy was detected advancing towards Kyiv, but direct combat was limited. The situation escalated on 1 March when a Russian missile struck the Kyiv TV Tower, resulting in civilian casualties. By 2 March, Ukrainian forces claimed to have shot down two Russian aircraft, while Russian troops began encircling the city. Despite heavy bombardment and attempts to blockade Kyiv, Ukrainian defenses held firm. Throughout March, the city endured continuous shelling, with notable attacks on residential areas and infrastructure, including a strike on a shopping center on 20 March that killed at least eight people. Ukrainian forces maintained a defensive posture, with General Oleksandr Syrskyi coordinating the defense through a structured command system.

As the battle progressed, Ukrainian forces launched a counter-offensive on 22 March, successfully retaking territory and evacuating civilians. By 29 March, Russian forces began withdrawing from the Kyiv area, marking a significant shift in the conflict. On 2 April, Ukrainian authorities announced the complete recapture of Kyiv and its surrounding regions. The battle resulted in substantial casualties on both sides, with the Ukrainian military and civilian population enduring significant hardships. The Russian military's failure to capture Kyiv was a pivotal moment in the invasion, demonstrating the resilience of Ukrainian forces and the challenges faced by the Russian military in their campaign.

In February 2022, the Russian invasion of Ukraine commenced, with a strategic focus on capturing key locations around Kyiv, including Hostomel, Bucha, and Irpin. The objective was to encircle the Ukrainian capital and disrupt its command structure. Hostomel Airport became a focal point of conflict, as Russian airborne forces sought to secure it to facilitate further operations. The battle for Hostomel began on 24 February 2022, when Russian troops landed via helicopters and initially clashed with Ukrainian forces, who managed to repel them. However, on 25 February, Russian reinforcements recaptured the airport, shifting the battle's focus to the town itself.

From 25 to 28 February, intense fighting ensued in and around Hostomel. Ukrainian forces engaged Russian ground troops, utilizing Mi-24 helicopters and UAVs to target Russian positions. Reports indicated that a Chechen strike group, consisting of over 1,500 fighters, was deployed to assassinate Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. Ukrainian forces intercepted and destroyed this group, claiming to have eliminated 56 tanks and killed Chechen Lieutenant Colonel Magomed Tushayev. By 28 February, Ukrainian intelligence reported several hundred Chechen casualties. The situation for Hostomel's residents deteriorated as Russian bombardments cut off access to essential supplies, leading to significant civilian suffering.

From 1 to 5 March, urban combat intensified, with Ukrainian forces successfully repelling Russian advances and destroying multiple armored vehicles. Notably, Major General Andrei Sukhovetsky was killed during this period. Despite the ongoing conflict, Russian forces managed to capture parts of Hostomel, taking civilians hostage and restricting their movement. On 7 March, the mayor of Hostomel, Yuriy Prylypko, was killed while distributing aid. Ukrainian forces continued to resist, launching counter-offensives and conducting evacuations. By 1 April, Ukrainian officials reported that Russian forces had withdrawn from Hostomel, marking a significant moment in the early stages of the invasion.

Melitopol, a significant city in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine, was strategically important due to its location at the intersection of major highways and its proximity to the Sea of Azov. Prior to the Russian invasion in February 2022, the city had a population of approximately 148,851. On 24 February, the Russian military initiated their assault by targeting Melitopol Air Base, resulting in the destruction of key infrastructure and the death of an aviation technician. As Russian tanks approached the city by the afternoon of 25 February, local Territorial Defense forces, including the 115th Battalion of the 110th Territorial Defense Brigade, engaged in combat, managing to disable an armored personnel carrier near the village of Nove before being ordered to withdraw at midnight.

On the morning of 25 February, explosions echoed throughout Melitopol as Russian forces entered the city from the north. By 7:10, military vehicles were reported on Lomonosova and Heroiv Ukrainy Streets. By 10:00, street fighting erupted as Ukrainian officials confirmed clashes for control of administrative buildings and military facilities. Russian troops occupied key locations, including the city hall and the Security Service of Ukraine building, while a Ukrainian T-64BV tank was disabled. The conflict resulted in civilian casualties, with reports of four deaths and ten injuries from shelling that struck an oncology center and residential areas. Despite Russian claims of capturing the city, local reports indicated that some areas remained under Ukrainian control.

The following day, fighting persisted, with the governor of Zaporizhzhia Oblast describing the situation as difficult. Russian flags were raised over captured buildings, yet the city government reportedly continued operations from alternative locations. As clashes continued, local volunteer forces attempted to maintain order amidst reports of looting. By 1 March, the Russian military was preparing for further offensives from Melitopol, while residents faced shortages of essential supplies. The conflict marked the beginning of a prolonged military occupation, with ongoing resistance from local authorities and citizens against the Russian presence.

In late February 2022, the Russian invasion of Ukraine escalated, leading to significant military engagements in the eastern regions of the country. One of the key confrontations occurred in the small city of Volnovakha, located in Donetsk Oblast, which was near the pre-invasion front line. The battle commenced on 25 February 2022, when Russian and Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) forces began shelling civilian areas, resulting in widespread destruction and civilian casualties. On the same day, DPR forces captured the nearby town of Mykolaivka, setting the stage for further conflict.

On 26 February, DPR troops entered Volnovakha, engaging in fierce clashes with Ukraine's Aidar Battalion. A tank battle erupted at the Volnovakha bus station, with Ukrainian sources claiming that Russian forces suffered 50 casualties. Despite this, Russian forces managed to overrun Ukrainian positions, leading to the deaths of 20 civilians by the end of the day. Ukrainian forces maintained control of Volnovakha until 28 February, although the town faced a humanitarian crisis, with 90% of buildings damaged or destroyed by 1 March. Reinforcements arrived for both sides, including territorial defense forces and foreign volunteers for Ukraine, while DPR forces prepared for renewed assaults. On 1 March, 346 civilians were evacuated, followed by another 400 on 6 March. A demilitarized humanitarian corridor was established on 7 March, although it was reportedly violated by Russian forces.

Throughout early March, the fighting continued, with Ukrainian forces shooting down a Russian plane on 3 March and the death of DPR commander Vladimir Zhoga on 5 March. By 11 March, Russian forces had effectively taken control of Volnovakha, facing minimal Ukrainian resistance. Donetsk Oblast governor Pavlo Kyrylenko reported that the city had been largely destroyed, and on 12 March, the Associated Press confirmed its capture by Russian forces. The battle resulted in significant casualties and destruction, marking a critical moment in the ongoing conflict.

Mykolaiv, a strategically significant shipbuilding and port city on the Black Sea, became a focal point during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022. The battle for Mykolaiv commenced on the night of 26 February 2022, following initial bombardments of Ukrainian military installations, including the Kulbakyne airbase, on 24 February. By 25 February, Ukrainian forces, under the command of Dmytro Marchenko, were on high alert as Russian troops advanced from Kherson, leading to a state of panic among residents. On 26 February, a column of 12 Russian tanks approached the city, and by 17:00, Russian forces entered Mykolaiv, resulting in heavy fighting throughout the city, particularly near the shopping mall and the Mykolaiv Zoo. By 21:00, Ukrainian Territorial Defense Forces had successfully repelled the initial assault, forcing Russian troops to withdraw towards Kherson.

The second assault occurred on 28 February, when Russian troops launched an attack at 11:00 a.m. from the outskirts of Kherson. A brief lull in fighting was noted on 1 March, but Ukrainian forces continued to engage Russian columns in surrounding areas, achieving significant victories, including the destruction of 800 vehicles near Bashtanka. On 2 March, Ukrainian forces repelled another Russian attempt to encircle Mykolaiv, with fighting reported in Balovne and Kalynivka. The third major assault took place on 4 March, when hundreds of Russian tanks advanced from multiple directions. Ukrainian forces, utilizing strategic artillery placements, managed to disrupt the Russian advance, leading to a counteroffensive that recaptured key positions, including the Kulbakino Air Base. By 5 March, Ukrainian forces had regained control of the city, although Russian troops continued to mount counterattacks.

Throughout the battle, significant casualties were reported on both sides. On 7 March, a Russian airstrike on a barracks killed ten Ukrainian soldiers, while subsequent shelling resulted in further casualties. By 11 March, Ukrainian forces had pushed Russian troops back by 15–20 kilometers, with reports of 250 wounded and 12 fatalities among Ukrainian soldiers and civilians. The fighting continued with urban combat tactics employed by both sides, including the use of improvised barricades by civilians. By mid-March, Ukrainian forces had regained control of several villages and pushed Russian forces back from the city center. The battle for Mykolaiv exemplified the intense and strategic nature of urban warfare during the early stages of the invasion, with both sides suffering significant losses and engaging in fierce combat for control of the city.

The Battle of Bucha occurred during the Kyiv offensive of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which aimed to capture the city of Bucha and encircle Kyiv. The conflict unfolded from 27 February to 31 March 2022, involving the Russian Armed Forces and the Ukrainian Ground Forces. The battle began after Russian troops advanced from Hostomel, having captured its airport on 25 February, and sought to secure Bucha and the surrounding areas to tighten their grip on the capital.

On 27 February, Russian forces, including paratroopers, tanks, and special police units, entered Bucha, initiating artillery bombardments that damaged infrastructure and disrupted essential services. Ukrainian forces responded with artillery and airstrikes, claiming to have destroyed over 100 units of Russian equipment. Civilians in Bucha began to resist, with reports of them attacking Russian vehicles. By 3 March, Ukrainian forces had recaptured parts of Bucha, raising their flag at the city council building, although Russian forces continued to engage in combat. The situation escalated, with reports of civilian casualties and atrocities, including the killing of unarmed civilians by Russian troops. By 12 March, Russian forces had fully occupied Bucha, restricting civilian movement and conducting attacks on those attempting to evacuate.

As the battle progressed, Ukrainian forces launched counterattacks, and by 29 March, Russian Deputy Defence Minister Alexander Fomin announced a reduction in military activity near Kyiv. On 31 March, Ukrainian troops advanced into Bucha amid a general Russian withdrawal, resulting in heavy fighting. By the end of the day, Ukrainian officials confirmed that Bucha had been largely retaken, with ongoing combat in the surrounding areas. The battle concluded with Ukrainian forces regaining control of the city, marking a significant moment in the broader conflict.

In late February 2022, as part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian forces aimed to encircle Kyiv by advancing through its western suburbs, including Irpin, Bucha, and Hostomel. The battle for Irpin began on 25 February when a convoy of Russian OMON and SOBR units, separated from the main invasion force, was ambushed at a bridge over the Irpin River, resulting in the destruction of the convoy and the loss of 77 soldiers. Ukrainian forces reported that by 27 February, Russian troops had entered Bucha and were pushing towards Irpin, leading to intense urban combat. Ukrainian Mayor Oleksandr Markushyn confirmed that Ukrainian Ground Forces and Territorial Defense Forces were repelling the Russian advance, utilizing artillery and airstrikes to halt progress and destroying a key bridge between Bucha and Irpin.

Throughout early March, the battle escalated with significant casualties on both sides. On 2 March, Russian airstrikes targeted residential areas in Irpin, resulting in civilian casualties, including the death of a child. Ukrainian forces reported the downing of Russian aircraft and began evacuating civilians, although efforts were hampered by ongoing hostilities. By 6 March, Russian forces had captured parts of Irpin, and during a civilian evacuation, eight civilians were killed by Russian shelling. Despite these challenges, Markushyn rejected Russian demands for surrender on 8 March, asserting that 'Irpin fights.' The situation remained dire, with reports of continued fighting and civilian evacuations, as Ukrainian forces sought to maintain control of the city.

As the battle progressed into mid-March, Russian troops patrolled Irpin, and Ukrainian forces conducted large-scale evacuations, managing to extract up to 20,000 civilians from the Kyiv Oblast. By 14 March, reports indicated that half of Irpin was under Russian control. However, Ukrainian forces continued to resist, and by 28 March, Markushyn announced that Ukrainian troops had recaptured Irpin. This claim was later confirmed by multiple news outlets, marking a significant moment in the ongoing conflict.

The Battle of Makariv occurred in the town of Makariv, Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine, during the Russian invasion that began in February 2022. The conflict lasted from 27 February to 25 March 2022, with ongoing shelling reported until 31 March. Makariv was strategically significant as Russian forces aimed to advance towards Kyiv and Zhytomyr, utilizing a substantial military presence that included 15 tanks, 25 armored personnel carriers, and various support vehicles. Ukrainian civilians alerted the Armed Forces about the Russian column, which was organized into three convoys and equipped with flamethrowers, missiles, and self-propelled artillery. Fighting commenced on 27 February, with Ukrainian forces engaging the Russian troops, who reportedly used civilians as human shields.

On 28 February, Ukrainian forces successfully destroyed a Russian convoy near Makariv. By 2 March, the 14th Separate Mechanized Brigade and the 95th Air Assault Brigade had reportedly regained control of Makariv. Heavy fighting continued, with significant engagements on 8 March, where a Ukrainian T-64BV tank crew, led by Senior Sergeant Serhii Vasich, engaged Russian forces, destroying several vehicles before the tank was hit by an anti-tank missile, resulting in the deaths of Vasich and his crew. Despite these losses, Ukrainian forces continued to repel Russian attacks, and by 17 March, they declared Makariv liberated, although the town remained under constant shelling.

On 21 March, the Chief of Police of Kyiv Oblast reported ongoing enemy shelling and significant destruction in Makariv. The situation remained fluid, with conflicting reports about control of the town. By 23 March, it was noted that Russian Colonel Yuri Medvedev had been incapacitated during the battle, with speculation about his survival. On 25 March, Ukrainian officials indicated that Makariv was in a 'gray zone,' with neither side holding full control. The battle concluded with the withdrawal of Russian troops from Makariv on 1 April, marking a significant moment in the broader conflict. Throughout the engagement, civilian casualties were reported, and the area suffered extensive damage.

In early March 2022, the city of Voznesensk, Ukraine, became a focal point during the Russian invasion, particularly as Russian forces sought to advance westward from Kherson towards Mykolaiv. The strategic significance of Voznesensk stemmed from its bridge over the Southern Bug River and its proximity to the South Ukraine Nuclear Power Plant. On 1 March 2022, the Voznesensk territorial defense battalion, composed of civilian volunteers, established a defensive position at a checkpoint on the P55 highway near Malosolone. A Russian military column departed from Yelanets around 5:00 on 2 March, and by 10:00, it engaged Ukrainian forces, resulting in the disabling of a leading BMP and a subsequent withdrawal of Ukrainian troops to Voznesensk, with one Ukrainian soldier reported lost. The Russian column entered Voznesensk around 13:53 that day.

On 2 March, elements of the 126th Coastal Defence Brigade from the Russian Black Sea Fleet advanced towards Voznesensk, reportedly comprising 400 personnel and 43 vehicles. In anticipation of the assault, local officials, including Mayor Yevgeniy Velychko, coordinated efforts to establish roadblocks and destroy a bridge over the Mertvovod River to hinder Russian movement. The battle commenced with Russian artillery shelling the city, damaging infrastructure. Russian airborne troops were deployed southwest of Voznesensk, while an armored column advanced from the southeast, establishing a base in Rakove. Despite initial gains, Russian forces faced fierce resistance from Ukrainian artillery and counterattacks, including the use of American-supplied FGM-148 Javelin missiles, which destroyed at least three Russian tanks and downed a Mil Mi-24 helicopter. By nightfall, Russian tanks retreated after encountering counterfire, and on 3 March, Russian forces fully withdrew, abandoning equipment and suffering significant losses.

The battle resulted in the destruction of an entire Russian battalion tactical group (BTG), with Ukrainian forces capturing or destroying 30 of the 43 Russian vehicles, including 15 tanks. Casualty reports indicated approximately 100 Russian soldiers killed and 10 captured, while Ukrainian forces suffered 43 casualties, including members of the Territorial Defense Forces, and 12 civilian deaths were recorded during the conflict. The Russian column retreated approximately 40 miles (64 km) southeast, with the 80th Air Assault Brigade claiming to have killed 30 Russian airborne troops while losing 10 of their own.

In March 2022, the city of Izium, a strategic transportation hub in eastern Ukraine, became a focal point of military conflict during the Russian invasion. The Russian military aimed to capture Izium to facilitate a connection between its forces in Kharkiv Oblast and those in the Donbas region. The battle commenced with Russian attacks on February 28, 2022, escalating with continuous rocket strikes beginning on March 3, which resulted in civilian casualties and significant damage to infrastructure.

By March 6, Russian forces had gained control of key areas, including the railway station and neighborhoods such as Honcharivka and Pisky. On March 7, reports emerged claiming that Izium had fallen to Russian troops, although this was not officially confirmed. Ukrainian forces countered on March 8, asserting they had repelled an attack. The situation intensified on March 11, with fierce fighting reported in the southern part of the city. By March 12, Russian troops had captured parts of northern Izium, but Ukrainian forces claimed to have thwarted further advances the following day. On March 14, Ukrainian forces launched a counteroffensive, reclaiming several villages, while Russian troops attempted to establish pontoon bridges across the Siverskyi Donets River. Despite heavy losses, including the death of Colonel Nikolay Ovcharenko, Russian forces managed to encircle Ukrainian positions in Izium by March 24, although both sides continued to contest control of the city.

On March 25, reports indicated that Russian forces had broken through Ukrainian lines south of Izium, advancing approximately 10 kilometers. However, Ukrainian forces claimed to have repelled these advances. By March 27, Russian troops had captured Kamyanka and other villages, but Ukrainian forces later asserted they had regained control. On April 1, the Ukrainian military confirmed that Izium was under Russian control, with significant destruction reported in the city. The battle for Izium exemplified the intense and destructive nature of the conflict, with both sides suffering casualties and infrastructure damage as they vied for control of this critical location.

In early March 2022, the city of Enerhodar in Zaporizhzhia Oblast became a focal point during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, particularly due to its proximity to the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, a critical facility generating a significant portion of Ukraine's electricity. On 28 February, the Russian Ministry of Defense claimed to have captured Enerhodar and the nuclear plant, a statement refuted by local authorities, including Mayor Dmytro Orlov. Tensions escalated as local residents organized protests against the Russian advance, leading to confrontations on 1 and 2 March, where civilians attempted to block Russian forces from entering the city.

The battle for Enerhodar commenced at 12:48 am on 4 March 2022, when a column of ten Russian armored vehicles and two tanks approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. Ukrainian forces responded by firing anti-tank missiles at the leading tanks, prompting a fierce exchange of fire that lasted approximately two hours. Russian troops utilized a range of weaponry, including rocket-propelled grenades, targeting the training center and administrative buildings of the plant, while also firing heavy weapons towards the reactor buildings. A fire erupted in a training facility but was extinguished by 6:20 am. Despite the intense fighting, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) later confirmed that the plant's safety systems remained intact and there was no release of radioactive material. Concurrently, Russian forces entered Enerhodar, effectively taking control of the city and disrupting its heating supply, as reported by Orlov.

By the end of the day on 4 March, Russian forces had established control over both Enerhodar and the nuclear power plant. The situation remained fluid, with conflicting reports regarding the extent of Russian occupation and local authority control. The battle underscored the strategic significance of Enerhodar and the nuclear facility amidst the broader conflict in Ukraine.

The Battle of Moshchun was a critical series of military engagements that took place from 5 March to 21 March 2022, during the early phase of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Following the capture of Hostomel airport by Russian forces on 25 February 2022, a significant offensive was launched towards Kyiv, with Russian troops advancing through the Chernobyl exclusion zone and capturing key locations such as Chernobyl, Ivankiv, and Bucha. To impede this advance, Ukrainian forces destroyed bridges over the Irpin River, leading to intense fighting along the river as Ukrainian reinforcements were dispatched to Moshchun, a strategic location for the defense of Kyiv under the command of Oleksandr Syrskyi.

On 27 February, Russian forces first crossed the Irpin River at Moshchun, encountering resistance from the 72nd Brigade's 5th Company and territorial defense units, which forced them to retreat. From 28 February, Moshchun faced heavy bombardment, and by 5 March, Russian special forces had occupied parts of the village. On 6 March, a larger contingent of Russian troops crossed the river, leading to a regrouping of Ukrainian defenders, including Colonel Oleksandr Vdovychenko and Captain Roman Kovalenko. The battle escalated with Russian forces employing artillery, airstrikes, and electronic warfare, while Ukrainian troops received reinforcements and adapted their tactics. Despite the flooding caused by the destruction of the Kozarovichi dam, which complicated Russian movements, the situation remained dire for Ukrainian defenders.

On 11 March, Russian forces launched a major assault on Moshchun, prompting Ukrainian troops to retreat to the village's outskirts. By mid-March, Ukrainian command decided to maintain their defense, with Vdovychenko rotating troops to manage the intense shelling. Ukrainian forces began to encircle Moshchun, targeting Russian positions and river crossings. Ultimately, on 21 March, Ukrainian forces successfully liberated Moshchun, marking a significant setback for the Russian military in their attempt to capture Kyiv. The battle resulted in substantial destruction, with approximately 2,000 of the 2,800 buildings in Moshchun destroyed, and confirmed casualties included around 118 Ukrainian soldiers and an estimated 100 Russian soldiers, including members of elite units.

Huliaipole, located in central Zaporizhzhia Oblast, became a focal point of military conflict during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began in February 2022. Following the initial offensive, Russian forces captured significant portions of southern Zaporizhzhia Oblast, including the nearby city of Polohy. By early March 2022, Russian troops had briefly entered Huliaipole, leading to a series of intense confrontations. Ukrainian forces, under the command of Dmytro Vasyliev, launched counterattacks, but Vasyliev was killed on 19 March 2022, resulting in a posthumous award for his bravery. By the end of March, Huliaipole had endured nearly a month of nightly shelling, with civilian casualties reported and the population dwindling to around 2,000.

On 21 April 2022, Ukrainian forces successfully shot down three Russian helicopters, prompting a retreat of a nearby tank column. The following days saw intensified Russian artillery bombardments, which continued throughout May, causing extensive damage to civilian infrastructure. On 6 May, Russian forces escalated their attacks with artillery and airstrikes, leading to further evacuations ordered by local authorities. Throughout June, the bombardment persisted, with reports of civilian casualties, including a child injured on 7 June. Despite the relentless shelling, Ukrainian forces managed to repel several Russian offensives, although the situation remained dire, with significant destruction reported in the city.

In July 2022, Russian forces regrouped and intensified their shelling of Huliaipole, resulting in numerous casualties and extensive damage to residential areas. By mid-July, Ukrainian forces had made slight advances, pushing Russian troops back from the city. However, Russian artillery continued to target Huliaipole, leading to civilian deaths and injuries. As the conflict progressed into August and beyond, the bombardment of Huliaipole remained a constant, with both sides engaging in artillery exchanges. By October 2023, Russian forces had launched multiple attacks on Huliaipole, resulting in further casualties and damage, while Ukrainian forces continued to defend their positions amidst ongoing hostilities.

In early March 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Brovary, an eastern suburb of Kyiv, became a focal point of military engagement as Russian forces advanced from southern Chernihiv Oblast. The 90th Guards Tank Division, comprising the 6th and 239th Tank Regiments, initiated their movement into Brovary on the evening of 9 March, utilizing Highway M01. This column, which included outdated T-72 tanks and self-propelled artillery like the TOS-1, advanced without infantry support, making it vulnerable to ambush.

On 10 March, Ukrainian forces launched a counterattack near Skybyn village, targeting the Russian convoy with artillery and anti-tank missiles. The ambush aimed to isolate the convoy by attacking the first and last vehicles, resulting in significant damage to several tanks and armored personnel carriers. Despite the ambush's partial success, the Russians managed to retreat, suffering heavy losses, including the reported death of Colonel Andrei Zakharov, the commander of the 6th Tank Regiment. Following the ambush, intense fighting continued in the surrounding villages, where Russian troops retaliated against civilians, suspecting them of aiding Ukrainian defenders. On 12 March, a Russian strike destroyed a major food warehouse in Kvitneve, eliminating 50,000 tons of food, while Russia claimed to have targeted a Ukrainian military intelligence center in Brovary.

As the conflict progressed, on 29 March, Russian forces shelled the Brovary area, causing further destruction. However, by 30 March, Ukrainian forces began to reclaim territory, pushing back Russian troops and recapturing several villages. By 1 April, Ukrainian military reports indicated the recapture of multiple locations, and on 2 April, the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense declared the entire Kyiv Oblast free of Russian troops, marking a significant shift in the battle for Brovary.

The Battle of Rubizhne was a significant military engagement during the eastern theater of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began in February 2022. The city of Rubizhne, located in the Luhansk Oblast, became a focal point of conflict as Russian forces sought to capture key urban areas in their advance toward the Donbas region. Initial reports of fighting in the vicinity emerged on 2 March 2022, with Governor Serhiy Haidai indicating clashes near Sievierodonetsk, Lysychansk, and Rubizhne.

On 17 March, Russian troops initiated their assault on Rubizhne, successfully capturing the western and northwestern outskirts by noon and launching an attack on the southern part of the city. The Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) forces raised their flag over a city administration building, marking a symbolic victory. By 22 March, LPR head Leonid Pasechnik claimed that nearly 80% of the Luhansk region was under their control, although Rubizhne remained contested. By 6 April, Russian forces had reportedly secured 60% of the city, with sustained artillery bombardments. The offensive intensified on 18 April, leading to the capture of the central part of Rubizhne by 20 April, despite ongoing Ukrainian resistance and counter-shelling from Novodruzhesk. As of 26 April, Russian military operations aimed to encircle remaining Ukrainian forces in the area.

On 2 May, reports indicated continued shelling of nearby villages, resulting in civilian casualties. By 4 May, Ukrainian officials asserted that full control of Rubizhne had not yet been achieved by Russian forces. However, on 12 May 2022, it was confirmed that Rubizhne and the adjacent town of Voevodivka had fallen to Russian control. During the battle, it was reported that Russian forces fired up to 1,500 shells per day to suppress Ukrainian defenses, resulting in at least 13 civilian deaths and 14 injuries due to the fighting.

Slavutych, a city established for workers in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, became isolated during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022. By late February, the siege of Chernihiv had cut off supply lines, leading to severe shortages of food and medicine. The city's electricity was disrupted, and despite efforts by Ukrenergo employees to restore power, Russian forces repeatedly targeted the repaired lines. On 23 March, Russian artillery began shelling Ukrainian checkpoints near Slavutych, prompting Mayor Yuri Fomichev to warn residents against leaving the city, which was surrounded by Russian troops. The situation deteriorated further, with the city council imposing restrictions on movement due to fears of sniper attacks, and conditions were described as a humanitarian catastrophe.

On 26 March, Russian forces launched a direct assault on Slavutych, overpowering the Ukrainian Territorial Defense Force with artillery and tank fire. The engagement resulted in the death of one Ukrainian soldier at a checkpoint, with three additional casualties from sniper fire during the retreat. Russian troops captured the city hospital and reportedly abducted Mayor Fomichev, who was later released to address a protest rally against the invasion. Over 5,000 residents participated in the peaceful demonstration, which was violently disrupted by Russian forces firing warning shots and deploying stun grenades, injuring at least one civilian. In his address, Fomichev assured the Russian military that no Ukrainian forces were present in the city and urged them to withdraw.

Following the protest, the mayor negotiated with Russian forces to allow a search for weapons in exchange for their withdrawal. This process concluded on 27 March, leading to the exit of Russian troops from Slavutych. Subsequently, humanitarian corridors were established to facilitate the delivery of aid and allow civilians to evacuate the city.

Following the withdrawal of Russian troops from northern Ukraine in early April 2022, a series of border skirmishes erupted along the Russia–Ukraine border, particularly in the Sumy and Chernihiv Oblasts. The conflict intensified as both sides engaged in daily artillery exchanges, with Ukrainian officials reporting ongoing strikes from Russian forces across the border.

On 29 March 2022, local authorities in Kursk Oblast reported that a border checkpoint had been shelled from Ukrainian territory, prompting a retaliatory strike on the source location. By 5 April, the governor of Kursk Oblast announced mortar shelling of a border post in the Sudzhansky District, with Ukrainian positions reportedly targeted in response. Throughout April, incidents escalated, including the shelling of the village of Popivka on 14 April and multiple mortar attacks on 28 April, which resulted in over 30 projectiles fired into Sumy Oblast. The situation continued to deteriorate in May, with significant attacks on 8-9 May damaging a Jewish cemetery in Hlukhiv and resulting in civilian casualties. On 16 May, Russian forces engaged Ukrainian Border Guard elements in Shostka district, leading to a brief incursion before their withdrawal the following day. The month concluded with heavy bombardments, including an airstrike on Desna barracks on 17 May that killed 87 individuals.

In June 2022, the conflict persisted with Russian forces launching missile strikes and artillery fire across the border. Notable incidents included the destruction of a Ukrainian Border Control building on 8 June and extensive shelling on 25 June, which resulted in one fatality and numerous injuries in Sumy Oblast. The bombardments continued into July, with Russian forces targeting various settlements, including Shostka and Hlukhiv, and conducting multiple artillery strikes. On 1 July, Russian forces shelled Hlukhiv, and by 28 July, they had launched 44 attacks on Sumy Oblast, with reports of significant damage to infrastructure and civilian areas. The ongoing exchanges of fire and artillery bombardments characterized the border skirmishes, reflecting the volatile situation along the Russia–Ukraine border during this period of the invasion.

Popasna, a strategic regional hub in eastern Ukraine, became a focal point of military engagement during the Russian invasion in 2022. Prior to the invasion, Ukrainian forces maintained control over several settlements surrounding Popasna, which had a population of approximately 22,000. The city’s roadway junctions were vital for both Ukrainian and separatist forces throughout the ongoing conflict in the Donbas region.

The battle for Popasna commenced on 18 April 2022, when troops from the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) and the Russian Armed Forces began their advance. In the following days, Russian and LPR forces intensified their artillery and air strikes against Ukrainian positions, prompting civilians to seek shelter in basements. Despite these efforts, by 18 April, the Institute for the Study of War reported minimal progress for the Russian military. On 20 April, following Ukrainian counterattacks, pro-Russian sources indicated that Russian-LPR forces launched further artillery barrages. Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov claimed the death of Hennadii Shcherbak, a Ukrainian nationalist, in Popasna that same day. On 21 April, Ukraine's 24th Mechanized Brigade engaged in clashes, claiming to have killed a 25-man unit of foreign mercenaries, allegedly linked to the Wagner Group. Oleksiy Danilov, head of Ukraine's National Security Council, stated that Popasna remained under Ukrainian control, although heavy fighting persisted, as noted by Serhiy Haidai, chairman of the Luhansk Regional Administration.

By 22 April, Haidai asserted that the Russian army had failed to capture Popasna, despite claims that Russian and LPR forces controlled 80 percent of Luhansk territory. However, on 7 May, Russian mercenary forces from the Wagner Group reportedly captured the city after intense fighting, with Chechen troops suspected to have participated in the final assault. Initially, Haidai indicated that Russian forces controlled only half of Popasna, but later acknowledged that Ukrainian troops had withdrawn entirely. Western assessments confirmed that Popasna was under full Russian control, with Russian and LPR forces beginning to establish a new government in the city and continuing their advance westward.

Marinka, a city in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, had been a strategic frontline location since the onset of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014. It was heavily fortified by Ukrainian forces, making it a significant defensive position. The battle for Marinka during the Russian invasion of Ukraine began in earnest in 2022, marked by intense fighting and extensive destruction of the city's infrastructure. By late 2022, much of Marinka lay in ruins, with no civilians remaining and only a few buildings still standing. The battle escalated as Russian forces aimed to capture the city, which they viewed as crucial for their operations in the region.

The initial Russian assaults on Marinka began in April 2022, with Ukrainian forces successfully repelling attacks on the 19th and 23rd. Throughout May, the fighting intensified, characterized by heavy artillery exchanges and drone usage, but Russian forces failed to breach Ukrainian defenses. By mid-July, Russian attempts to capture the city continued, with significant assaults on the 11th, 30th, and 1 August, yielding little success. The situation remained largely stagnant until October 2022, when Russian forces began to make incremental gains. By December 2022, the governor of Donetsk Oblast reported that Marinka was 'unlivable,' with Ukrainian soldiers describing the conditions as 'hellish.' Clashes continued into 2023, with Ukrainian forces claiming to repel multiple assaults, despite being heavily outnumbered.

In late 2023, Russian forces intensified their efforts, launching renewed attacks across the eastern front. On 25 December, the Russian Ministry of Defence announced the full capture of Marinka, although Ukrainian officials initially denied this claim. The following day, Ukrainian commander-in-chief Valerii Zaluzhnyi confirmed the loss, stating that Ukrainian forces had retreated to the outskirts of the city. By this time, Russian forces were reported to control approximately 74 to 95 percent of Marinka, with ongoing clashes and heavy bombardments leading to the city's near-total destruction. The battle exemplified the brutal urban warfare tactics employed by both sides, resulting in significant casualties and the obliteration of Marinka's infrastructure.

In May 2022, a series of military engagements unfolded near Lyman and Sievierodonetsk during the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine. The Donets River, a significant natural barrier, became the focal point of conflict as Russian forces sought to advance westward. The Russian military aimed to encircle a salient containing over 40,000 Ukrainian soldiers, with the Donets serving as a critical line of defense for Ukraine. The battle primarily took place from 5 to 13 May, involving multiple attempts by Russian troops to cross the river, which were met with fierce resistance from Ukrainian forces.

On 5 May, following an artillery bombardment, Russian troops attempted to cross the Donets at Dronivka but were halted by the Ukrainian 30th Mechanized Brigade, which engaged four Russian BMPs and infantry squads, successfully stopping the advance. By 8 May, Russian forces had constructed a pontoon bridge at Bilohorivka, preparing to move thousands of personnel and military vehicles across. Ukrainian reconnaissance units, utilizing drones, identified the bridge and coordinated a combined aerial and artillery strike that destroyed it by 10 May. Ukrainian forces reported significant losses for the Russians, claiming to have destroyed 30 vehicles and disabled another 40. Over the course of the battle, four bridges were constructed and subsequently destroyed, with the last Russian troops retreating by 13 May.

Casualty estimates for the Russian forces involved in the attempted crossings were substantial. Reports indicated that out of approximately 550 soldiers engaged near Bilohorivka, around 485 were killed or wounded, with total Russian losses during the battle estimated to exceed 1,000 soldiers. Ukrainian forces also claimed to have destroyed two Russian battalion tactical groups, resulting in significant equipment losses, including tanks and armored vehicles. The battle concluded with the destruction of all constructed bridges and bridgeheads, marking a decisive setback for the Russian military in their efforts to advance through the region.

The Battle of Sievierodonetsk was a significant military engagement during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, occurring in the context of the broader conflict in the Donbas region. Prior to the invasion, Sievierodonetsk served as the administrative center of the unoccupied Luhansk Oblast. By May 2022, it, along with the neighboring city of Lysychansk, remained one of the last Ukrainian strongholds in the oblast. The battle commenced with Russian forces shelling Sievierodonetsk on 28 February 2022, leading to heavy fighting in the surrounding areas. By early June, Russian troops had gained substantial ground, controlling approximately 80% of the city by mid-June.

On 6 May 2022, Russian and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) forces began their offensive to encircle Sievierodonetsk, capturing nearby villages and disrupting supply lines. By 27 May, direct assaults on the city began, with Russian forces making incremental gains despite fierce resistance from Ukrainian defenders. By 31 May, Russian troops controlled between one-third and half of Sievierodonetsk, and by 1 June, they had reached the city's core. The situation deteriorated further as Russian bombardments intensified, with Ukrainian forces suffering heavy casualties. By 9 June, over 90% of the city was reported to be under Russian control, and by 14 June, Ukrainian sources acknowledged that Russian forces had taken control of 80% of Sievierodonetsk.

On 24 June 2022, Ukrainian forces were ordered to withdraw from Sievierodonetsk due to relentless shelling and the untenable situation on the ground. The withdrawal was conducted primarily at night to avoid detection, and by 25 June, Russian forces had fully captured the city, with approximately 10,000 civilians remaining. The battle was characterized by intense urban combat, with significant destruction reported, as around 90% of the city's buildings were damaged or destroyed. The fighting resulted in substantial casualties on both sides, with estimates indicating that Ukrainian forces suffered over 1,000 casualties in the days leading up to the withdrawal.

In the early stages of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began on 24 February 2022, Russian forces rapidly captured significant portions of Kherson Oblast, including the city of Kherson itself by 2 March. This occupation prompted Ukrainian forces to initiate counter-offensive operations aimed at reclaiming lost territory and disrupting Russian supply lines. One such operation commenced on 27 May 2022, focusing on the village of Davydiv Brid, located approximately 50 miles northeast of Kherson.

On the afternoon of 27 May, Ukrainian troops, supported by American-made M777 howitzers, launched a counterattack, crossing the Inhulets River during the night. By the following day, reports indicated that Ukrainian forces had successfully pushed Russian troops back from Davydiv Brid to three nearby towns. On 31 May, satellite imagery confirmed the Russian withdrawal from Davydiv Brid, although it remained unclear if Ukrainian forces had fully entered the town. However, by the night of 31 May to 1 June, Ukrainian sources reported the capture of Davydiv Brid. Intense fighting ensued throughout early June, with both sides engaging in artillery strikes and neither able to secure complete control. On 6 June, Russian sources claimed to have destroyed the Ukrainian bridgehead at Davydiv Brid, pushing Ukrainian forces back across the Inhulets River, a claim later corroborated by the Institute for the Study of War (ISW).

By 13 June, heavy fighting continued, with Ukrainian commanders asserting they were gradually forcing Russian troops back. Artillery duels persisted until 21 June, with ISW reporting that Russian forces had regained control over the eastern bank of the river. Despite this, on 5 July, ISW noted that Ukrainian forces still held some territory in the area. On 27 July, Russian forces attempted an assault on the Ukrainian positions southwest of Davydiv Brid. The battle for Davydiv Brid exemplified the intense and fluctuating control over the region during this phase of the conflict.

The Battle of Lysychansk was a significant military engagement during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, occurring in the Luhansk Oblast, where Lysychansk and its twin city Sievierodonetsk were the last major urban centers under Ukrainian control by May 2022. Following the fall of Sievierodonetsk in late June 2022, Russian forces, supported by the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR), shifted their focus to Lysychansk. The battle commenced in earnest on 25 June, when Russian and separatist units began entering the city from the south, reaching key locations such as a mine and a gelatin factory. By 27 June, reports indicated that Russian forces were gaining ground, prompting Ukrainian officials to urge civilians to evacuate as the situation deteriorated.

On 28 June, the LPR's ambassador to Russia claimed that Ukrainian forces were withdrawing from Lysychansk, while Ukrainian officials reported ongoing clashes. By 30 June, intense fighting was reported on the outskirts, particularly around the Lysychansk Oil Refinery, with Russian forces achieving partial success in their assaults. The situation escalated on 1 July, with Russian claims of capturing strategic locations around the city, including the mine and gelatin plant. By 2 July, Russian forces had reportedly reached the city center, and the LPR announced the completion of their encirclement. Ukrainian officials initially denied the city's capture, but by 3 July, they conceded that their forces had withdrawn to save lives, marking the effective fall of Lysychansk.

Throughout the battle, Russian forces employed heavy artillery and airstrikes, with significant casualties reported among both civilians and military personnel. By 25 May, 150 civilians had been killed due to ongoing shelling, and a Russian strike on 27 June resulted in at least 8 civilian deaths and numerous injuries. The Ukrainian military faced increasing pressure as Russian troops advanced from multiple directions, ultimately leading to the city's capture. The battle concluded with the Russian Ministry of Defense announcing full control over Lysychansk on 3 July, a strategic victory that allowed Russia to claim dominance over the entire Luhansk Oblast.

Bakhmut, a city in eastern Ukraine, became a focal point of intense conflict during the Russian invasion that began in February 2022. The battle for Bakhmut commenced with Russian shelling in May 2022, escalating into a full-scale assault by July as Russian forces, primarily from the Wagner Group and supported by regular troops, sought to capture the city. Following the Ukrainian withdrawal from Popasna, Russian forces advanced towards Bakhmut, leading to a series of brutal confrontations characterized by trench warfare and high casualties on both sides. By late 2022, the front lines had solidified into a grueling stalemate, with both sides suffering significant losses without substantial territorial gains.

In early 2023, the battle intensified as Russian forces captured the nearby town of Soledar on 16 January, allowing them to apply pressure on Bakhmut from the north. By February, Russian troops had partially encircled the city, leading to fierce urban combat. Ukrainian forces, numbering around 30,000, defended the city against an estimated 50,000 Russian troops, including a significant contingent of Wagner mercenaries. The fighting reached a peak in March, with Ukrainian forces gradually withdrawing to the city center as Russian troops captured key locations, including the Azom factory by late March. By 20 May 2023, Russian forces claimed to have captured most of Bakhmut, although Ukrainian officials maintained that they still held parts of the city.

As the battle continued, the situation became increasingly chaotic, with internal conflicts within the Russian command structure affecting operations. On 25 May, Wagner began withdrawing from Bakhmut, transferring control to regular Russian units amidst ongoing Ukrainian counterattacks. By early June, reports indicated that only a small number of Wagner personnel remained in the city, while Ukrainian forces continued to assert control over certain areas. The battle for Bakhmut was marked by staggering casualties, with estimates suggesting that Russian forces suffered over 100,000 casualties, including significant losses among Wagner troops, while Ukrainian casualties were also substantial, with thousands killed or wounded throughout the conflict. The battle exemplified the brutal nature of modern warfare, drawing comparisons to historical conflicts due to its intensity and high human cost.

Pisky, a frontline settlement in Donetsk Oblast, had been largely abandoned since 2014, with a pre-war population of 2,160 dwindling to just 11 by April 2022. The town was heavily fortified by Ukraine's 56th Motorized Brigade, which utilized basements, trenches, and highway overpasses for defense against the advancing Russian and separatist forces. As the battle for Donbas commenced in April 2022, Pisky became a focal point of conflict, with Ukrainian forces facing daily bombardments and accusations from the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) of shelling Donetsk city from their positions.

The battle for Pisky intensified on 28 July 2022, when Russian and DPR forces launched a concerted assault. Initial claims of territorial gains were made by the DPR, while Ukrainian forces reported successfully repelling the attacks. However, subsequent days saw incremental advances by Russian troops, with DPR information minister Daniil Bezsonov asserting control over the southeastern part of the town. By 5 August, the DPR falsely claimed full control, a statement contradicted by Donetsk Oblast governor Pavlo Kyrylenko, who noted that Pisky remained contested. Despite Ukrainian forces managing to repel attacks daily, Russian artillery, including TOS-1A thermobaric systems, inflicted heavy damage, leading to descriptions of the fighting as a 'senseless meat-grinder.'

By 24 August 2022, the Institute for the Study of War assessed that Russian and DPR forces controlled much of Pisky, with ongoing skirmishes in the northern outskirts. Geolocated footage showed DPR troops raising a Soviet Victory Banner in the town center. Ukrainian commander Volodymyr Rehesha reported on 28 August that Ukraine had suffered approximately 500 combat fatalities during the battle. Despite claims from local officials that Ukraine still held parts of Pisky, Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu confirmed on 2 September that the town was under Russian control, marking a significant shift in the conflict in the region.

The Battle of Soledar was a significant military engagement during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, particularly within the broader context of the Donbas conflict. Following the fall of Luhansk Oblast to Russian forces in mid-2022, the focus shifted to key settlements in Donetsk Oblast, including Soledar, which was strategically important for its proximity to Bakhmut. The battle began in earnest on 3 August 2022, when Russian forces initiated an offensive, shelling Soledar and surrounding areas. By late December 2022, much of Soledar had been devastated by continuous bombardment, with Ukrainian forces holding a dwindling defensive position against repeated Russian assaults.

Initial Russian advances saw them capturing parts of the Knauf Gips Donbas gypsum factory by 10 August 2022, with claims of entering Soledar proper by 11 August, although these were not confirmed by Ukrainian officials. Throughout August and September, the fighting was characterized by intense artillery duels and ground engagements, with Ukrainian forces successfully repelling numerous assaults. However, by late December, Russian forces, bolstered by the Wagner Group, began a renewed offensive, capturing the village of Bakhmutske on 27 December, which set the stage for a concentrated assault on Soledar. In early January 2023, Russian troops, under the command of General Valery Gerasimov, intensified their attacks, claiming control of key locations such as the Dekonska railway station on 4 January and pushing Ukrainian forces back to the Soledar Salt Mine by 5 January.

The situation escalated rapidly, with Ukrainian defenses under severe pressure. On 9 January, Colonel Yuriy Yurchik was killed while defending the settlement. By 10 January, reports indicated that Russian forces likely controlled most of Soledar, although Ukrainian officials maintained that pockets of resistance remained. The Institute for the Study of War reported that by 11 January, Russian forces had effectively captured Soledar, with Ukrainian troops still holding some territory. On 16 January 2023, it was confirmed that Russian troops had full control over Soledar, marking a significant shift in the battle for the region. The Ukrainian government officially acknowledged the loss of Soledar on 25 January 2023, following a prolonged and brutal engagement that resulted in heavy casualties on both sides.

In early 2022, Russian forces launched a significant offensive in southern Ukraine, capturing key cities including Kherson, Zaporizhzhia, and Mykolaiv. By March 2, Russian troops had established control over Kherson Oblast, consolidating their hold through various measures, including the introduction of Russian governance and currency. As the conflict progressed, Ukrainian forces began to regroup and launch counterattacks, gradually reclaiming territory. By late August, Ukrainian officials indicated a large-scale counteroffensive was imminent, with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy announcing the operation on August 29, 2022, aimed at liberating Russian-occupied regions in the south.

The counteroffensive commenced with Ukrainian forces targeting Russian military positions, leading to significant territorial gains. By October 9, Ukraine reported recapturing 1,170 square kilometers. The operation involved multiple fronts, with Ukrainian troops breaking through Russian defenses near Kherson city and engaging in intense combat across various settlements. Key battles occurred in areas such as Sukhyi Stavok, Novodmytrivka, and Arkhanhelske, where Ukrainian forces faced stiff resistance but managed to secure several villages. By early September, Ukrainian forces had achieved tactical surprise, exploiting Russian logistical issues and inflicting heavy casualties on Russian units, including the 247th Guards Air Assault Regiment, which reportedly suffered severe losses.

As the counteroffensive progressed, Ukrainian troops continued to advance, liberating additional settlements and disrupting Russian supply lines. By October 2, Ukrainian forces had begun a renewed push southward, reclaiming strategic locations such as Mykhailivka and Dudchany. The situation for Russian forces deteriorated, with reports of low morale and significant troop losses. On November 9, Russian commanders ordered a withdrawal from Kherson, leading to the liberation of the city by Ukrainian forces on November 11, 2022. This marked a pivotal moment in the conflict, as Ukrainian troops were welcomed by local civilians, signaling a significant shift in the war's dynamics.

The Dnieper campaign, part of the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War, involves a series of military engagements along the Dnieper River in Kherson Oblast, Ukraine. Following the initial Russian invasion in February 2022, Russian forces occupied key areas, including Ostriv Velykyi Potomkin and the Kinburn Spit, which they captured on 10 June 2022. This strategic location was used for missile attacks against Ukrainian positions. Ukrainian forces began conducting reconnaissance and limited amphibious operations in the area, with notable strikes on Russian equipment and ammunition depots throughout September and October 2022. The Ukrainian counteroffensive in Kherson culminated in the retaking of the city on 11 November 2022, as Russian troops withdrew across the Dnieper, marking a significant shift in control of the region.

In the months following the Kherson counteroffensive, Ukrainian forces intensified their operations against Russian positions along the Dnieper. On 3 December 2022, they established a foothold on the eastern bank, raising a flag on a port crane. By early January 2023, Ukrainian troops had reportedly secured positions on Potemkin Island. Throughout January, Ukrainian forces conducted raids across the Dnieper, including landings near Nova Kakhovka. On 20 April 2023, they crossed the river and liberated the village of Dachi, while on 12 May, they gained control of Toloka Island. The destruction of the Kakhovka Dam on 6 June 2023, attributed to Russian forces, led to significant flooding, impacting both sides and temporarily halting fighting on Potemkin Island.

In mid-October 2023, Ukrainian Marine brigades crossed the Dnieper downstream of the Kakhovka Dam, reportedly controlling the villages of Poima and Pishchanivka. Ukrainian forces launched raids against Russian positions in Krynky and Kazatsky Island, with the 35th and 36th Marine Brigades involved. Despite initial successes, the operation faced challenges, including heavy Russian artillery strikes that resulted in significant casualties. By late December 2023, Ukrainian forces had made limited territorial gains but suffered heavy losses. The situation deteriorated further, with reports of Ukrainian Marines struggling to maintain their positions. By 18 July 2024, Russian forces had retaken Krynky, while Ukrainian operations continued to draw Russian resources away from other fronts, indicating a complex and evolving battlefield dynamic.

In March 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian forces claimed control over 93% of Luhansk Oblast, with Lyman becoming a strategic focal point. By mid-May, Ukrainian forces had successfully repelled multiple Russian attempts to cross the Siverskyi Donets River, but by late May, most of Lyman, including its city center, was under Russian control. The situation began to shift in early September 2022, as Ukrainian forces launched a counteroffensive, crossing the Siverskyi Donets River on September 3 and recapturing key locations, including Ozerne and Staryi Karavan, while advancing towards Lyman.

On September 10, Ukrainian troops reached the southern outskirts of Lyman, engaging in battles on the city's periphery. Russian forces, primarily composed of BARS-13 and BARS-16 detachments, faced supply issues and were unable to reinforce their positions effectively. By September 12, Ukrainian forces liberated Sviatohirsk, and by September 15, they had retaken Sosnove, forcing Russian troops in nearby Studenok to withdraw. The offensive continued with the liberation of Shchurove on September 17, and by September 22, Ukrainian forces had penetrated Russian defenses in Ridkodub and Karpivka. By September 30, Ukrainian forces had cut off the last supply routes to Lyman, leading to a critical situation for the Russian defenders.

On October 1, Ukrainian troops raised their flag in Lyman after Russian forces withdrew, with reports indicating that up to 5,000 Russian troops were trapped. The Russian defense ministry later confirmed the loss of control over the city. Ukrainian spokesperson Serhii Cherevatyi stated that Russian forces were surrounded, marking a significant victory for Ukraine. The battle resulted in heavy casualties for the Russian troops, particularly within the 3rd Guards Spetsnaz Brigade, which suffered substantial losses during the retreat. By October 2, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy confirmed that Lyman had been fully cleared of Russian forces, solidifying Ukraine's strategic position in the region.

In early September 2022, the Russian invasion of Ukraine had resulted in significant territorial gains for Russian forces, particularly in eastern Kharkiv Oblast, where key cities such as Kupiansk, Shevchenkove, and Balakliia were under occupation. Following a period of stagnation in the frontline, Ukrainian forces launched a surprise counteroffensive on September 6, 2022, under the command of General Oleksandr Syrskyi. This operation aimed to exploit the weakened Russian defenses, which had been stretched due to troop redeployments to Kherson Oblast. The Ukrainian military quickly advanced, capturing Verbivka and pushing back Russian forces, recapturing approximately 400 square kilometers (150 sq mi) within the first two days.

By September 9, Ukrainian troops had advanced nearly 50 kilometers (31 mi) into Russian-held territory, retaking Balakliia and Shevchenkove, and reaching Kupiansk by September 10. The rapid advance continued, with Ukrainian forces recapturing Izium and securing access to the Oskil River. Reports indicated that by September 11, Ukrainian forces had penetrated Russian lines to a depth of up to 70 kilometers, reclaiming over 3,000 square kilometers of territory. The Russian Ministry of Defense announced a withdrawal from nearly all of Kharkiv Oblast west of the Oskil River on September 11, as Ukrainian forces cleared more than 20 settlements, including Velykyi Burluk and Dvorichna, by September 12.

The counteroffensive progressed into a second phase, with Ukrainian forces crossing the Oskil River by September 13 and establishing multiple bridgeheads. By late September, Ukrainian troops had liberated Kupiansk-Vuzlovyi and continued to advance, encircling the city of Lyman. On October 1, Ukrainian forces entered Lyman, reportedly encircling up to 5,000 Russian troops, leading to significant casualties for the Russian military. The offensive resulted in the recapture of over 500 settlements and approximately 12,000 square kilometers of territory in the Kharkiv region, severely disrupting Russian supply lines and operations in the ongoing conflict.

The Luhansk Oblast campaign, part of the broader Russian invasion of Ukraine, commenced on 19 September 2022, following the Ukrainian Army's recapture of Lyman during the Kharkiv counteroffensive. This campaign unfolded along a 60-kilometer frontline, known as the Svatove–Kreminna line, which includes key locations such as Svatove, Kreminna, and Bilohorivka. The region had seen significant fighting since the early days of the invasion, with Russian forces capturing Svatove on 6 March 2022 and Kreminna on 19 April 2022. By July 2022, Russia claimed full control of Luhansk Oblast after the fall of Lysychansk, but Ukrainian forces began to regain territory in late 2022, particularly around Bilohorivka, which became a focal point of conflict.

On 19 September 2022, Ukrainian forces expelled Russian troops from Bilohorivka, marking the start of intense fighting in the area. By 20 September, Luhansk Oblast governor Serhiy Haidai reported that Ukrainian forces had full control of Bilohorivka, despite Russian attempts to recapture it. On the night of 27–28 September, Ukrainian troops crossed the Siverskyi Donets River and blocked the Kreminna-Torske road. Heavy bombardments of Russian positions began on 2 October, with Ukrainian forces recapturing 14 towns and villages by mid-October. Russian forces launched several assaults on 18 October, targeting Bilohorivka and surrounding areas, but these were repelled. Throughout November, the front line stabilized amid muddy conditions, although fierce battles continued. Notably, on 2 November, Ukrainian forces claimed to have destroyed an entire Russian battalion near Makiivka, resulting in significant casualties for the 362nd Motorized Rifle Regiment.

In early 2023, Russian forces initiated a renewed offensive, particularly around Kreminna and Bilohorivka, with increased attacks reported by 8 February. Despite marginal gains, Ukrainian forces maintained a presence in Bilohorivka. By March, Ukrainian claims indicated substantial Russian losses, including 183 soldiers killed or wounded in a single engagement. The situation escalated with Russian forces attempting to establish a buffer zone in Luhansk Oblast, leading to intense artillery battles. By mid-April, Ukrainian forces reported the destruction of numerous Russian vehicles and significant casualties among Russian troops. The fighting continued into the summer, with both sides engaging in heavy combat, resulting in thousands of casualties and the destruction of military equipment on both sides. The campaign exemplified the ongoing struggle for control in the Luhansk region, characterized by shifting front lines and high-intensity warfare.

Vuhledar, a city in Donetsk Oblast, became a focal point of intense military conflict during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The battle for Vuhledar is noted for its scale, with Ukrainian commanders labeling it 'the largest tank battle' of the Russo-Ukrainian War. The first significant Russian attempt to seize the city began in January 2023, following earlier skirmishes and artillery exchanges that had escalated since the invasion commenced in March 2022. Initial assaults by Russian forces, particularly the 155th Naval Infantry Brigade, resulted in heavy casualties and the eventual dismissal of their commander, Rustam Muradov, due to the failure to capture the city. Throughout early 2023, Ukrainian forces successfully repelled multiple Russian offensives, inflicting substantial losses on the attackers, with reports of up to 20,000 Russian casualties during the first major assault from January 24 to February 15, 2023.

In late August 2024, Russian forces renewed their offensive against Vuhledar, launching coordinated attacks from the south, west, and east. By early September, they had captured key positions around the city, including Prechystivka and Vodiane, effectively encircling Vuhledar. The situation for Ukrainian defenders deteriorated as Russian bombardments intensified, and by late September, the city was nearly surrounded. On October 1, 2024, Russian troops entered Vuhledar, engaging in fierce urban combat. Reports indicated that the Ukrainian 72nd Mechanized Brigade faced overwhelming odds, with dwindling supplies and morale issues exacerbated by the near-complete encirclement. The Ukrainian command acknowledged the loss of the city on October 2, 2024, following a series of assaults that overwhelmed their defenses.

The battle resulted in significant losses for both sides, with estimates suggesting that over 1,000 Russian troops were killed in the final days of the assault. The Ukrainian forces, while initially successful in repelling earlier attacks, ultimately could not withstand the sustained pressure from the Russian military, which had adapted its tactics to focus on overwhelming firepower and coordinated assaults. The capture of Vuhledar marked a critical moment in the ongoing conflict, demonstrating the high stakes and brutal nature of warfare in the region.

In early February 2023, authorities in Bryansk Oblast, Russia, reported efforts to strengthen the border with Ukraine amid ongoing tensions from the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Governor Alexander Bogomaz shared updates on the construction of protective structures along the border, indicating heightened military readiness.

On 2 March 2023, at approximately 11:30 MSK, Bogomaz announced that a Ukrainian sabotage and reconnaissance group had crossed into Russian territory, specifically targeting the villages of Lyubechane and Sushany in the Klimovsky District. The group allegedly opened fire on a civilian vehicle, resulting in the deaths of two individuals, including one adult and an 11-year-old child, while injuring another child. Reports indicated that the attackers took several residents hostage and engaged in gunfire, with local residents hearing explosions. By 14:30, Russian sources claimed that the attackers had retreated back into Ukraine, and the Federal Security Service (FSB) stated that they had collaborated with the military to repel the incursion and conduct a search for any remaining militants.

The Russian Volunteer Corps (RDK), a paramilitary group of Russian nationals opposing the Kremlin, claimed responsibility for the raid. RDK leader Denis Kapustin stated that the group aimed to highlight the vulnerabilities of Russia's border security and inspire resistance against the government. The attacking force reportedly consisted of 45 members, including anti-government insurgents, and was said to have received support from Ukraine. Following the incident, the Russian government labeled the event a terrorist attack, leading to a significant missile strike on Ukraine on 9 March as retaliation, which included the use of advanced missile technology and resulted in civilian casualties across multiple regions.

In the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began on 24 February 2022, tensions escalated along the border regions of Russia, particularly in Belgorod Oblast. On 22 May 2023, armed groups from Ukraine, including the Freedom of Russia Legion (FRL) and the Russian Volunteer Corps (RVC), executed a cross-border raid into Belgorod Oblast. They claimed control over several settlements, including Kozinka, Gora-Podol, and Glotovo, and engaged in clashes with Russian government forces. The incursion was marked by drone attacks and explosions, with Belgorod governor Vyacheslav Gladkov reporting injuries among local officials and emergency workers. The Russian authorities characterized the attackers as a 'Ukrainian military sabotage and reconnaissance group,' leading to the imposition of counter-terrorism measures in the region, including restrictions on civilian movement and evacuations of local residents.

On 1 June 2023, a second incursion commenced near Shebekino, with the RVC announcing the start of a 'second phase' of operations. This raid involved up to 70 militants, including members of the Belarusian volunteer Terror Battalion, and was met with a strong response from Russian forces. The Russian Ministry of Defense reported that they repelled the attacks, claiming to have killed at least 50 militants and destroyed several armored vehicles and a Grad multiple rocket launcher. Concurrently, Belgorod governor Gladkov reported civilian casualties, including nine wounded from shelling. The FRL and RVC asserted that they had reached Shebekino and Novaya Tavolzhanka, while evacuations of residents continued. On 3 June, two civilians were killed in an artillery strike, with conflicting accounts regarding the responsible party.

Throughout the incursions, both sides reported casualties and equipment losses. The RVC claimed two of its fighters were wounded during the initial raid, while the FRL reported two killed and ten wounded. Russian officials stated that over 70 attackers were killed during the fighting, although the exact numbers remained contested. The raids highlighted the ongoing volatility in the region, with Russian forces struggling to maintain control and local populations facing significant disruptions and evacuations. By mid-June, reports indicated that anti-government forces were still active in the area, with continued shelling and military engagements occurring sporadically.

In early June 2023, Ukraine initiated a counteroffensive against Russian forces amid the ongoing invasion, aiming to reclaim territory occupied since 2022. Planning for this operation began in February 2023, but was delayed due to adverse weather conditions and late deliveries of Western military equipment. By June, Russian forces had established extensive defensive fortifications, including trenches and minefields, across a 2,000 km front line. The counteroffensive commenced on June 4, with Ukraine launching attacks primarily in the Donetsk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, where they aimed to breach Russian defenses and recapture key locations.

On June 5, Ukrainian Deputy Minister of Defense Hanna Maliar confirmed offensive actions were underway in multiple directions. The Ukrainian 37th Marine Brigade began operations near Novodonetske, while significant engagements occurred around Orikhiv, where Ukrainian forces targeted the Mala Tokmachka–Polohy defensive line. By June 8, Ukrainian troops had made initial gains, capturing villages such as Robotyne and advancing towards the second line of Russian defenses. However, Russian forces mounted effective counterattacks, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides. Reports indicated that Ukrainian forces suffered significant losses, with U.S. officials noting that these would not derail the overall counteroffensive strategy.

Throughout June and into July, Ukrainian forces continued to make incremental advances, capturing key settlements like Rivnopil and Staromaiorske. By late June, they had breached the first line of Russian defenses in several areas, including Robotyne, which was critical for further operations towards Melitopol. The fighting was characterized by intense urban combat and the use of artillery, with both sides sustaining heavy casualties. By mid-July, Ukrainian forces had recaptured Staromaiorske, but faced fierce resistance in Urozhaine, which was heavily fortified. As the counteroffensive progressed, Ukrainian forces reported ongoing challenges due to Russian minefields and artillery, leading to a protracted and costly campaign with limited territorial gains.

Mala Tokmachka, a village in southeastern Ukraine, became a frontline settlement early in the Russian invasion that began in 2022. By May 2023, the population had dwindled to around 200 due to ongoing hostilities and Russian shelling, which devastated local infrastructure. On 13 June 2023, French researcher Philippe Gros highlighted the significance of the Ukrainian counteroffensive operations south of Mala Tokmachka, aiming to advance toward the occupied city of Melitopol. At this time, approximately 10,000 Russian soldiers from various motor rifle regiments were stationed nearby, supported by elite Spetsnaz units.

The battle commenced on 7 June 2023, when the Ukrainian 47th and 33rd Mechanized Brigades, totaling around 4,000 troops, launched an assault on Mala Tokmachka. Despite utilizing advanced Western equipment, the initial attack faltered as Russian scouts detected the Ukrainian armored column, prompting air support from Ka-52 helicopters. The Ukrainian forces faced heavy anti-tank missile and small arms fire while attempting to navigate a minefield, resulting in a retreat with significant losses. Reports indicated the destruction of one IMR-2, one Leopard 2A6, and up to nine Bradley vehicles, with some crew members managing to escape. The following day, the 47th Brigade attempted to breach the minefield using specialized vehicles but suffered further casualties, with 50% of its engineer battalion affected. On 9 June, a second mechanized assault allowed Ukrainian forces to capture a height near the village, but they were soon forced to withdraw under artillery fire after being spotted by Russian drones.

Throughout the battle, Ukrainian forces experienced substantial equipment losses, with reports indicating the destruction of multiple Leopard 2 tanks and Bradley vehicles. The Ukrainian 33rd and 47th Brigades reportedly lost around 15% of their personnel, while Russian forces sustained lighter casualties. The engagement prompted a strategic shift for Ukrainian commanders, who began favoring dismounted infantry attacks to mitigate further armored vehicle losses. Subsequent operations around Mala Tokmachka continued, with Ukrainian forces making incremental advances, but the overall situation remained challenging as both sides adapted their tactics in response to the evolving battlefield conditions.

Avdiivka, an industrial city in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, has been a focal point of conflict since the onset of the Russian invasion in 2022. The city, strategically located near the provincial capital of Donetsk, was heavily fortified and had a pre-war population of approximately 32,000. Following a prolonged period of intermittent fighting, Russian forces initiated a major offensive to capture Avdiivka on 10 October 2023. This offensive marked the beginning of one of the bloodiest battles of the war, characterized by intense combat and significant casualties on both sides.

On 10 October, Russian troops launched coordinated assaults from the north, west, and south, employing armored units and artillery support. The offensive involved three motor rifle brigades from the Russian 8th Combined Arms Army, with heavy fighting reported in the vicinity of the Avdiivka Coke Plant. By 11 October, Ukrainian forces reported 18 combat engagements and extensive airstrikes, claiming to have destroyed 34 Russian tanks within a 20-hour period. Despite heavy losses, including an estimated 820 killed or wounded on the first day, Russian assaults continued, with reports of up to 1,000 casualties daily as the battle progressed. By mid-November, Russian forces had captured significant portions of the southern industrial zone, with Ukrainian defenders employing drones and artillery to repel assaults. However, Russian tactics evolved to include tunneling operations, allowing them to infiltrate Ukrainian positions effectively.

As the battle intensified, Ukrainian forces faced overwhelming odds, with reports indicating that Russian troops outnumbered them five-to-one. By late January 2024, Russian forces had achieved breakthroughs in both the southern and northern suburbs of Avdiivka, capturing key locations such as the 'Tsarska Okhota' restaurant and advancing towards central areas of the city. On 15 February, Ukrainian officials confirmed a partial withdrawal from Avdiivka to avoid encirclement, with heavy fighting continuing as Russian forces advanced. By 17 February, Ukrainian Commander-in-Chief Oleksandr Syrskyi announced a complete withdrawal to preserve personnel, marking the end of the battle for Avdiivka, which had resulted in significant casualties, with estimates of Russian losses ranging from 16,000 to 47,000, while Ukrainian losses were reported to be in the thousands.

The Tendra Spit, a narrow island located off the coast of Kherson Oblast in the Black Sea, became a focal point of military operations during the Russo-Ukrainian War. This strategic location, situated northwest of the Crimean Peninsula, was occupied by Russian forces, prompting Ukraine to launch several raids aimed at reclaiming control over the area.

On the night of 28 February and into the morning of 29 February 2024, a significant raid was executed by five assault boats from the 73rd Naval Center of Maritime Special Operations. As the boats approached the beach, they encountered heavy fire from Russian troops stationed on the spit. Reports indicate that one of the assault boats managed to escape the engagement. In the aftermath, Russian sources claimed to have captured one Ukrainian soldier and reported the deaths of 20 to 25 others. The Ukrainian Defense Ministry confirmed the loss of four personnel, while Russian social media circulated images purportedly showing the bodies of six Ukrainian soldiers killed during the operation.

In March 2024, during the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War, Ukrainian-backed armed groups initiated a significant cross-border incursion into Russia, targeting Belgorod and Kursk Oblasts. This operation involved at least three factions: the Freedom of Russia Legion, the Russian Volunteer Corps, and the Sibir Battalion. The incursion coincided with the 2024 Russian presidential election, marking a notable escalation in hostilities as these groups sought to assert control over several settlements within Russian territory.

On 12 March, at 08:00 local time, reports emerged from the 'WarGonzo' Telegram channel indicating that armed groups, supported by artillery and mortar fire, attempted to breach the border from the village of Odnorobivka in Kharkiv Oblast. Approximately 50 fighters advanced towards Belgorod Oblast. The Freedom of Russia Legion later released footage purportedly showing tanks crossing the border, while claims of control over the villages of Tyotkino and Lozovaya Rudka were made. Russian authorities denied these claims, asserting that they had repelled the attackers. The following days saw continued clashes, with the Freedom of Russia Legion urging civilian evacuations in Belgorod and Kursk due to ongoing military operations. By 14 March, Russian officials reported further attacks in Grayvoron and other areas, prompting evacuations and heightened military responses.

As the incursion progressed, fighting intensified, particularly around Tyotkino, Kozinka, and Spodaryushino. On 15 March, the Russian defense ministry claimed to have repelled incursions, while Ukrainian sources indicated that the regions had become active combat zones. The Russian Volunteer Corps reported capturing 25 Russian soldiers on 16 March, and by 18 March, the Freedom of Russia Legion claimed to have destroyed an ammunition depot in Tyotkino. The situation escalated with missile strikes on Belgorod, resulting in civilian casualties. By 21 March, Russian forces reported significant losses inflicted on the insurgents, while the Freedom of Russia Legion and Russian Volunteer Corps claimed substantial enemy casualties. The conflict continued to evolve, with reports of ongoing skirmishes and evacuations in the affected areas, highlighting the sustained intensity of the incursions throughout March 2024.

Chasiv Yar, a strategically significant city in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, became a focal point of military engagement during the Russian invasion that escalated in 2024. Following the capture of Bakhmut by Russian forces on 20 May 2023, Chasiv Yar served as a critical stronghold for Ukrainian defenses. The battle for Chasiv Yar commenced on 4 April 2024, when Russian troops launched a direct assault supported by airstrikes and artillery, aiming to capture the city and its surrounding areas. The initial phase of the battle saw Russian forces advancing along the T0506 road, reaching the eastern outskirts of Chasiv Yar, where they engaged with the Ukrainian 23rd Infantry Battalion. By 13 April, Russian forces had captured the nearby town of Bohdanivka, intensifying their efforts to encircle Chasiv Yar.

As the battle progressed, Russian forces, estimated to number between 20,000 to 25,000 troops, continued to assault Chasiv Yar from multiple directions, employing heavy artillery and air support. By late April, Ukrainian defenses were under severe pressure, with reports of daily bombardments and positional battles. On 2 July, Russian troops reportedly captured the Kanal district, a critical area within Chasiv Yar, after months of intense fighting that resulted in significant casualties on both sides. Ukrainian forces, facing a 10-to-1 artillery disadvantage, struggled to maintain their positions amid continuous Russian assaults. By early June, the situation had deteriorated for Ukrainian defenders, with reports indicating that Russian forces had established a foothold across the Siverskyi Donets – Donbas Canal, further complicating Ukrainian defensive efforts.

Throughout the summer of 2024, the battle for Chasiv Yar continued with fluctuating control over various districts. By mid-July, Russian forces had advanced into the southern and central parts of the city, with reports of heavy fighting around key infrastructure such as the refractory plant. As of early February 2025, Russian forces were reported to have captured approximately 90% of Chasiv Yar, with Ukrainian troops pushed to the outskirts of the city. The battle has resulted in substantial casualties, with estimates of thousands of Russian soldiers killed or wounded during the prolonged engagement, highlighting the fierce resistance from Ukrainian defenders despite overwhelming odds.

Krasnohorivka, located approximately 5 kilometers west of Donetsk, was a significant stronghold for the Ukrainian Armed Forces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Following the capture of Marinka in late 2023 and Avdiivka in February 2024, Krasnohorivka became the last major bastion for Ukraine in this sector. The battle for the city commenced on 8 April 2024, as Russian forces sought to consolidate control over the area, which had been relatively spared in the earlier years of the conflict.

On 8 April, Russian mechanized units launched an assault into the southeastern part of Krasnohorivka, advancing along Vatutin Street. The following day, Ukrainian forces executed a counterattack, regaining some territory. However, from 10 to 13 April, Russian troops managed to reclaim lost ground and continued their advance towards the Krasnohorivka refractory plant. By mid-April, Russian forces had captured key locations, including the railway station and several buildings around Zaliznychna Street, with support from six attack helicopters. By 25 April, Russian troops had reportedly taken control of most of southern Krasnohorivka, and by 4 May, they had secured the refractory plant, marking a significant strategic victory.

From 8 May to 9 September 2024, Russian forces intensified their operations, breaking through Ukrainian defenses in eastern Krasnohorivka. By 9 May, they had captured Pershe Travnia Street and advanced towards Tchaikovsky Street, effectively pushing Ukrainian defenses back to the Eastern Microraion. Throughout May and June, Russian troops continued to make incremental gains, capturing various strategic locations, including Alexandrovskoye farm base and School #2. By 1 August, Russian forces had essentially taken control of the entire city, with only the northwestern outskirts remaining under Ukrainian control. On 9 September, Russian forces captured the last Ukrainian-held area, leading to the formal declaration of complete control over Krasnohorivka by the Russian Ministry of Defense the following day.

Ocheretyne, a village in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, located near the H20 highway, became a focal point of conflict during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in April 2024. Prior to the invasion, Ocheretyne had a population of approximately 3,000 residents and was strategically positioned 15 km north of Avdiivka and 35 km north-northwest of Donetsk city.

On 16 April 2024, Russian forces, numbering around 10,000 troops, initiated an offensive towards Ocheretyne. This contingent included units from the 15th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, the 30th Motor Rifle Brigade, the 74th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, elements of the 90th Guards Tank Division, and special forces. In contrast, Ukrainian defenses comprised approximately 3,000 soldiers from the 23rd, 47th, 100th, and 115th Mechanized Brigades, the 25th Airborne Brigade, the 3rd Assault Brigade, and the 425th Assault Battalion. The 115th Mechanized Brigade, which had recently arrived in the area, faced criticism for allegedly abandoning their positions, leading to a breakthrough by Russian forces within 48 hours. By 23 April, reports indicated that Russian troops had entered Ocheretyne, although Ukrainian officials contested this claim, asserting that the village remained contested and that they had inflicted casualties on Russian forces, including the destruction of several armored vehicles.

As the battle progressed, Ukrainian spokesperson Nazar Voloshyn reported on 23 April that Russian forces were employing chemical weapons, though specifics were not provided. On 26 April, Voloshyn claimed that Ukrainian forces still controlled two-thirds of Ocheretyne, despite Russian reinforcements from the 55th Mountain Motor Rifle Brigade. By 28 April, The Guardian reported that Russian forces had captured Ocheretyne, a claim later confirmed by the Russian Ministry of Defence on 5 May. Throughout this period, Ukrainian officials did not provide immediate updates on the status of the settlement, which was not mentioned in subsequent field reports.

In early 2024, the Russian Armed Forces prepared for a renewed offensive in Ukraine, particularly targeting Kharkiv Oblast. On 10 May 2024, approximately 4,000 to 5,000 Russian troops from newly formed battalions launched an attack across the border, focusing on the towns of Vovchansk and Lyptsi. The offensive began with heavy artillery shelling and airstrikes, prompting Ukrainian authorities to evacuate residents from northern Kharkiv Oblast. Russian forces aimed to advance up to 10 kilometers into Ukrainian territory to establish a buffer zone, although Ukrainian officials doubted their capability to capture Kharkiv city itself.

On the Vovchansk front, intense fighting ensued as Russian forces claimed control of several villages, including Pletenivka and Hatyshche, by 12 May. By 13 May, they had advanced into Vovchansk, capturing key infrastructure such as a meat processing plant. The situation escalated with Russian claims of controlling significant portions of the city by mid-May, although Ukrainian sources contested these assertions. Concurrently, on the Lyptsi front, Russian troops captured several villages, including Krasne and Borysivka, while Ukrainian forces engaged in counterattacks to reclaim lost territory. By late May, the Russian advance began to stall, with Ukrainian forces stabilizing their positions and launching limited counteroffensives.

As the offensive progressed into June, both sides experienced heavy casualties. Ukrainian forces reported significant Russian losses, estimating around 4,000 killed or wounded by mid-June, while Russian sources claimed substantial Ukrainian casualties as well. By early June, the situation on the frontlines had stabilized, with Ukrainian forces regaining control over parts of Vovchansk and launching counterattacks that recaptured Tykhe on 19 June. Despite initial territorial gains, the Russian offensive ultimately faltered, leading to a stalemate characterized by positional warfare and ongoing skirmishes as both sides fortified their defenses.

The Battle of Toretsk is a significant engagement in the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine, initiated on 18 June 2024, as Russian forces sought to capture the city of Toretsk and surrounding settlements in Donetsk Oblast. This offensive was part of a broader strategy to gain control over key areas in the region. By 29 January 2025, Russian forces had reportedly secured 88% of the city, marking substantial territorial gains throughout the conflict.

The initial assaults began on 18 June 2024, targeting the settlements of Pivdenne, Pivnichne, and Niu-York. Ukrainian officials noted a sudden increase in Russian military activity, with claims of advances into Pivnichne and Shumy confirmed by various sources by 23 June. Throughout late June, Russian forces continued to push towards Toretsk, with significant engagements reported in Druzhba and Zalizne. By 30 June, Russian forces had made a surprise attack through an underground tunnel, advancing approximately 2.6 kilometers towards Toretsk. The situation escalated in early July, with Russian troops contesting Niu-York and making further advances into the city, culminating in the capture of key positions by mid-August.

By 22 August 2024, Russian forces had entered Toretsk, establishing a foothold in the eastern part of the city. Continuous fighting ensued, with Russian troops making incremental gains in various sectors, including central and southern Toretsk. By early January 2025, Russian forces had reportedly captured 71% of the city, with ongoing skirmishes around its outskirts. The conflict saw significant casualties on both sides, with Ukrainian sources reporting substantial Russian losses, including claims of over 1,000 personnel killed or wounded by mid-July. Civilian casualties were also notable, with reports indicating hundreds of deaths and injuries since the onset of the invasion. The battle remains dynamic, with control of the city shifting amidst ongoing military operations.

In July 2024, the Pokrovsk offensive commenced as part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, aiming to capture the strategically significant city of Pokrovsk in western Donetsk Oblast. Following the Russian success in the battle of Avdiivka earlier that year, Russian forces advanced significantly, capturing Prohres on 19 July after intense fighting. This engagement, which lasted approximately 48 hours, resulted in the retreat of Ukrainian forces from the 110th and 47th Mechanized Brigades, allowing Russian troops to push forward along the frontline. By 24 July, Russian forces had encircled multiple Ukrainian companies, reportedly comprising hundreds of soldiers from the 31st Mechanized Brigade, although these troops managed to escape by 26 July. The offensive continued with the capture of Lozuvatske, Vovche, and Novoselivka Persha by the end of July, attributed to Ukrainian manpower shortages and declining morale.

In early August, Russian forces advanced towards Hrodivka and Novohrodivka, capturing key settlements and positioning themselves within 16 kilometers of Pokrovsk by 2 August. The fighting intensified, with reports of up to 40,000 Russian troops engaged against approximately 12,000 Ukrainian soldiers. By mid-August, Russian forces had captured Hrodivka and were advancing towards Novohrodivka, with reports indicating that they were only 10 kilometers from Pokrovsk. The situation deteriorated for Ukrainian forces, with significant casualties reported, including the loss of M1 Abrams tanks. By late August, Russian forces had captured Novohrodivka and were advancing into Selydove, with the Ukrainian military facing severe logistical challenges and a diminishing population in Pokrovsk as civilians evacuated.

As the offensive progressed into September and October, Russian forces continued to exert pressure on the Pokrovsk front, capturing key locations such as Myrnohrad and Selydove. By late September, Russian troops had advanced to the railway line north of Selydove, effectively encircling the city. The situation for Ukrainian defenders worsened, with reports of significant infrastructure damage and a drastic reduction in civilian services. By 30 October, Russian forces had captured Selydove, further tightening their grip on the region. The offensive's momentum continued into November, with Russian forces advancing within 3 kilometers of Pokrovsk, leading to the suspension of operations at local coal mines due to the proximity of the frontline. The battle for Pokrovsk remained critical, with both sides suffering heavy casualties throughout the offensive.

The Kursk offensive, which began on 6 August 2024, marked a significant escalation in the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War. The Armed Forces of Ukraine launched a coordinated incursion into Russia's Kursk Oblast, reportedly involving around 1,000 troops, supported by tanks and armored vehicles. The initial assault targeted two main directions: Oleshnya towards Sudzha and Nikolayevo-Darino. Russian forces, including border guards and local military units, were caught off guard, leading to a rapid Ukrainian advance. By the end of the first week, Ukrainian forces claimed to have captured approximately 1,000 km² of territory and 28 settlements, while Russian authorities acknowledged the loss of control over several areas. A state of emergency was declared in Kursk Oblast, and Russian reinforcements were mobilized to counter the incursion.

On 7 August, reports indicated that Ukrainian forces had advanced 14 kilometers into Russian territory, capturing key locations including the Sudzha gas hub. The situation escalated with heavy fighting reported in Sudzha, where Ukrainian troops engaged Russian forces and captured numerous prisoners. By 9 August, Ukrainian forces had reportedly taken control of 100-200 km² of territory, with significant losses inflicted on Russian troops during a HIMARS strike that destroyed a convoy, resulting in casualties estimated between 200 and 490. The Russian military responded by reinforcing their positions and launching counterattacks, but Ukrainian forces continued to hold significant ground, claiming control over 92 settlements by 19 August. The offensive saw intense urban combat, with both sides suffering heavy casualties, including civilian deaths in the region.

As the offensive progressed, Russian forces began to regroup and counterattack, with reports of regained control over several settlements by mid-September. The Russian Ministry of Defense claimed to have recaptured key areas, including Snagost and Borki, while Ukrainian forces faced challenges in maintaining their hold on the territory. By late October, the situation had stabilized, with Russian forces reportedly regaining approximately half of the territory initially lost. The offensive, while initially successful for Ukraine, faced increasing criticism for stretching their resources thin and allowing Russian forces to regain momentum in other critical areas of the front.

In late 2024, the Russian Armed Forces intensified their offensive in the Donbas region, focusing on the strategic city of Kurakhove, which is vital for its economic and military significance. Following the capture of the nearby settlement of Ostrivske on 15 October 2024, Russian forces began their assault on Kurakhove on 16 October, entering the city from the northeastern direction along the eastern bank of the Kurakhove reservoir. The battle escalated as Russian troops launched coordinated attacks from multiple fronts, including Hirnyk to the north, Krasnohorivka to the east, and Vuhledar to the south, with the aim of encircling Ukrainian forces and capturing the city.

By 29 October, Russian forces had captured Hirnyk, which facilitated further advances into Kurakhove. The Russian Ministry of Defense reported full control over Kurakhivka by 2 November. Concurrently, Russian troops seized villages such as Bohoyavlenka and Novoukrainka, and by late November, they had reached Pobiedy Street in central Kurakhove. As the situation deteriorated for Ukrainian defenders, estimates indicated that only 700 to 1,000 civilians remained in the city, living without basic utilities. On 11 November, the Kurakhove Reservoir dam was destroyed, exacerbating the humanitarian crisis. By 6 December, Russian forces had taken control of the northern bank of the reservoir, narrowing the encirclement around Kurakhove to less than 10 kilometers.

On 12 December, the situation worsened for Ukrainian forces in the Uspenivka pocket, leading to the collapse of their defenses and the loss of key settlements. By 14 December, Russian troops had advanced into the western part of Kurakhove, reaching the administration building. By 21 December, Russian forces controlled most urban areas of the city, with only the industrial area around the Kurakhove Power Station remaining under Ukrainian control. The battle culminated in early January 2025, when the Russian Ministry of Defense announced the capture of Kurakhove, claiming significant Ukrainian losses, including 12,000 soldiers and 40 tanks. By 10 January, the city was reported to be completely under Russian control.

The Velyka Novosilka offensive was a significant military engagement during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, commencing in November 2024 and culminating in January 2025. Following the capture of Volnovakha by Russian forces on 12 March 2022, Ukrainian troops retreated to Velyka Novosilka, where initial clashes began shortly thereafter. The region experienced a prolonged stalemate until a Ukrainian counteroffensive in mid-2023 made notable gains, including the recapture of several settlements. However, by late 2024, Russian forces, having captured Vuhledar on 1 October, were positioned to launch renewed assaults towards Velyka Novosilka, which they began in earnest on 11 November 2024.

In the weeks following the initial assault, Russian troops captured Rivnopil on 13 November and intensified their attacks on Velyka Novosilka from the east, threatening key supply routes. By 23 November, Russian forces had entered the warehouses southeast of the town, and by 24 November, they had taken control of these buildings. Throughout December, Russian forces made further advances, capturing Novyi Komar and Makarivka, while Ukrainian counterattacks temporarily regained some territory. However, by 19 December, Russian forces claimed full control of Novyi Komar, and by late December, they had severed critical supply lines, including Highway O-0510, further isolating Velyka Novosilka.

The decisive phase of the offensive began in January 2025, as Russian forces advanced to the eastern bank of the Mokri Yaly River and captured Vremivka. By mid-January, they had breached Ukrainian defenses in Velyka Novosilka, raising flags in various parts of the town by 24 January. Reports indicated that Russian troops had encircled Ukrainian forces within the settlement, controlling approximately 72% of the area by 25 January. On 26 January, it was reported that Velyka Novosilka was under near complete Russian control, with the Russian Ministry of Defence announcing the town's capture the following day. By 28 January, the settlement was confirmed as fully captured by Russian forces, marking a significant shift in control in the region.

On January 10, 2025, Russian forces initiated a cross-border incursion into Ukraine's Sumy Oblast, advancing west of the village of Zhuravka. This operation was part of a broader strategy to counter Ukraine's offensive in the Kursk region. However, within days, Ukrainian military forces reported successfully repelling the Russian advance. A subsequent incursion occurred in mid-February, during which Russian troops claimed to have captured the village of Basivka, followed by Novenke shortly thereafter. By the end of February, the Ukrainian Center for Combatting Disinformation acknowledged the presence of Russian forces in these areas, while the organization DeepState classified Basivka and Novenke as 'gray zones.'

On February 19, 2025, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that the 810th Brigade had crossed into Sumy Oblast. The following day, Russian sources reported that the brigade had entered Basivka, with Ukrainian sources confirming the incursion. On February 25, Russian forces claimed to have seized Novenke and were advancing toward northern Zhuravka. Ukrainian military officials acknowledged the crossing near Novenke but asserted that they had pushed Russian troops back into their territory. By February 28, the Ukrainian Center for Combatting Disinformation recognized ongoing Russian attacks along the border near Basivka and Novenke, while DeepState continued to describe these locations as contested areas.

On March 2, Russian military bloggers reported the capture of Zhuravka, and by March 7, Russian sources claimed control over Novenke, supported by geolocation evidence. Following the recapture of Sudzha, President Putin proposed the establishment of a 'buffer zone' in Sumy Oblast to safeguard Kursk from future Ukrainian offensives. Between March 11 and 17, Russian forces advanced further west and northwest of Basivka and Zhuravka, consolidating their positions. By March 23, Russian sources indicated that their troops had moved into Volodymyrivka, marking a significant development in the ongoing conflict in the region.

On 18 March 2025, at approximately 5:50 AM Moscow time, Ukrainian forces initiated a cross-border incursion into Belgorod Oblast, Russia, amid the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War. The Russian Ministry of Defence reported five attacks by Ukrainian troops throughout the day, with the governor of Belgorod, Vyacheslav Gladkov, noting that the Krasnoyaruzhsky District had experienced significant shelling, including an assault involving 49 Ukrainian drones, of which 12 were intercepted. The Russian MOD claimed to have inflicted 60 casualties on Ukrainian forces, alongside the destruction of one tank and several other military vehicles.

On 19 March, Russian military sources asserted that their forces successfully repelled Ukrainian advances toward Demidovka, Grafovka, and Prilesye. Reports indicated that Ukrainian troops maintained positions in forested areas along the border. The 40th Naval Infantry Brigade was confirmed to be active in the region. The following day, the Ukrainian General Staff announced the destruction of a Russian command post near Demidovka, while Gladkov reported one Russian soldier killed and four wounded due to ongoing shelling. Russia responded with extensive air and missile strikes, claiming to have caused approximately 150 Ukrainian casualties and destroyed four tanks.

On 21 March, a Ukrainian drone strike in the village of Dobrino resulted in one civilian fatality and two injuries. Ukrainian forces reportedly targeted a Russian border guard command post in Glotovo. The situation continued to evolve, with assessments indicating that Ukrainian troops were consolidating positions near Demidovka and Prilesye. By 22 March, Ukrainian forces had retained their positions, while Russian claims suggested that Ukrainian losses included up to 95 servicemen and various military equipment. On 23 March, despite claims from Russian sources of having expelled Ukrainian forces from Demidovka, geolocated footage indicated that Ukrainian troops had advanced into the central area of the settlement.